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NORTH  CAROLINA  GEOLOGICAL  AND  ECONOMIC  SURVEY 

JOSEPH  HYDE  PRATT.  SUte  Geoloiiist 


ECONOMIC  PAPER  No.  46 


THE  VEGETATION  OF  SHACKLEFORD  BANK 


BV 

I.  F.  LEWIS 


BALEIGH 

EdWABDS    &    BeOUGHTON   PEtNTINa    OO. 

State  PEiNTBaa 
1917 


Ehe  i.  M.  Hill  library 

North  (Taroltna  ^U\W  llnioeraitg 


JDREST  RESOURCE 
LIBRARY 


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S00061135  G 


NORTH  CAROLINA  GEOLOGICAL  AND  ECONOMIC  SURVEY 

JOSEPH  HYDE  PRATT.  State  Geologist 


ECONOMIC  PAPER  No.  46 


THE  VEGETATION  OF  SHACKLEFORD  BANK 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  DATE 
INDICATED  BELOW  AND  IS  SUB- 
JECT TO  AN  OVERDUE  FINE  AS 
POSTED    AT    THE    CIRCULATION 


P^^^T  r^F-^-?p-Q 


NATURAL  RESOURCES 

RESEARCH  CENTER 

N.  C.  STATE  UNIVERSITY 


RA.LEIGH 
Edwards  &  Broughton'   Pi 
State  Printers 
1917 


100M/7-85 


GEOLOGICAL  BOARD 


GovEBNOR  T.  W.  BicKETT,  cx  officio  Chairman Raleigh 

F.  R.  Hewitt  Asheville 

Hugh  MacRae Wilmington 

John  Spbunt  Hill Durham 

C.  C.  Smoot  III North  Wilkesboro 


Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  State  Geologist Chapel  Hill 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL 


Chapel  Hill,  N".  C,  June  1,  1917. 
To  His  Excellency,  Honorable  T.  W.  Bickett, 

Governor  of  North  Carolina. 
Sir:     I  have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  for  publication  as  Eco- 
nomic Paper  ]N[o.  46  a  report  on  "The  Vegetation  of  Shackleford  Bank' 
by  Mr.  I.  F.  Lewis.  Respectfully, 

Joseph  Hyde  Pratt, 

State  Geologist. 


PREFACE 


It  has  been  the  policy  of  the  N"orth  Carolina  Geological  and  Economic 
Survey  to  publish,  as  opportunity  offered  and  printing  funds  were  avail- 
able, a  series  of  reports  relating  to  the  natural  history  of  the  State. 

In  connection  with  his  work  at  the  United  States  Fisheries  Biological 
Station  at  Beaufort,  North  Carolina,  Mr.  I.  F.  Lewis  has  made  a  study 
of  the  vegetation  of  Shackleford  Banks,  and  it  is  believed  that  the 
results  of  this  investigation  will  be  of  value  not  only  in  connection 
with  the  conservation  of  land  areas  along  the  coast,  but  will  add  much 
to  the  other  botanical  studies  of  the  State. 

In  this  ais  well  as  in  numerous  other  investigations,  we  have  had  the 
cooperation  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Fisheries. 

It  is  expected  that  this  report  will  lead  to  other  investigations  which 
will  add  more  and  more  to  the  botanical  history  of  the  State. 

Joseph  Hyde  Pratt, 

State  Geologist. 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Introduction    9 

Geology 9 

Soils    9 

Physiography    10 

Climate 10 

Nomenclature   11 

Plant  Formations 11 

General  Account  of  Shackleford  Vegetation 15 

The  Vegetation  of  Bogue  Bank 17 

Conservation  of  the  Vegetation 18 

Sand-  and  Soil-Binding  Plants  and  Their  Actions 20 

Soil-Binding  Plants    21 

Sand-Binding  Plants    22 

Geographical  Distribution  of  Shackleford  Plants 23 

List  of  Species  27 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 


Plates  Facing  Page 

I.         Detailed  sketch  of  Shackleford   Bank 9 

II.  -A.  Portion  of  the  outer  beach,  showing  a  small  dune  built  up  by 
TJniola  paniculata.    Around   it   are   remnants   of  a  destroyed 

forest    10 

B.  The    stable   barrier   dune    of   the   outer   beach   on   Bogue    Bank. 

formed  by  TJniola  paniculata.     (Photo  by  R.  E.  Coker) 10 

III.  A.  Face  view  of  the  barrier  dune  on  Bogue  Bank 12 

B.  View  of  thicket  woodland  and  marsh,  taken  from  the  sand  wall.  .  12 

IV.  A.  Thicket    woodland.      The    trees,    Juniperus    virginiana    and    the 

woody  vines,  Berchemia  scandens 14 

B.  Dune  marsh  and  thicket  woodland 14 

V.  A.  Open  woodland,  the  sand  drifting  in  to  the  right.     Quercus  vir- 
giniana and  Juniperus  virginiana 16 

B.  Salt  marshes   {Spartina  and  Salicornia)   near  the  Fisheries  Lab- 
oratory.    (Photo  by  R.  E.  Coker) 16 

VI.  A.  Creek  marsh  and  thicket  woodland 18 

B.  Creek  marsh  and  thicket  woodland 18 

VII.  A.  Dune  marsh  and  thicket  woodland;    on  the  right  the  advancing 

sand(  wall    20 

B.  View  from  the  sand  wall  across  the  island  to  the  sound 20 

VIII.  .4.  Sand  wall  advancing  on  woodland 22 

B.  "Graveyard"  of  forest,  some  of  the  dead  trees  covered  with  lianas  22 

IX.  A.  Dead  Juniperus  covered  with  lianas 24 

B.  View  of  High  Hill  from  the  sound,  showing  the  rise  of  the  land 

at  this  point 24 

X.  A.  Isolated  grove  of  live-oak  {Quercus  virginiana)  on  the  mainland; 

similar  to  those  on  Shackleford.     (Photo  by  W.  D.  Hoyt) 26 

B.  Small   dune  formed  by  Iva  oraria:  in  the  foreground  is  Sjiar- 

tina  patens  26 

XI.         Ilex  vomitoria  as  a  wind-break  in  exposed  localities 28 


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THE  VEGETATION  OF  SHACKLEFORD  BANK 


By  I.  F.  Lewis. 

INTRODUCTION 

Shackleford  Bank  is  the  strip  of  land  extending  from  Cape  Lookout 
on  tlie  east  to  Beaufort  Inlet  on  tlie  west.  It  is  about  eight  miles  long 
and,  on  an  average,  half  a  mile  broad.  On  the  south  it  is  bounded  by 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  north  by  Bogue  Sound.  Together  with  Core 
Bank,  with  which  it  is  continuous,  it  forms  a  long  link  in  the  chain  of 
sand  reefs  bordering  the  southeastern  coast  of  the  United  States. 

GEOLOGY 

Evidence  has  recently  been  brought  forward  by  Cobb^  to  show  that 
this  long  sand  reef  is  essentially  a  part  of  the  mainland,  and  that  the 
adjoining  sound  may  be  regarded  as  the  estuary  of  a  river  which  was 
formerly  "a  southern  tributary  of  the  large  river  made  up  of  the  Pam- 
lico and  the  I^euse." 

SOILS 

The  soils  of  Shackleford  may  be  classified  under  three  heads:  (a)  A 
fine  white  marine  sand,  with  little  or  no  humus,  is  found  on  the  outer 
beach,  the  dunes,  and  in  places  bordering  the  sound,  (h)  A  gray  sandy 
loam  in  the  elevated  central  portion  of  the  Bank.  The  quantity  of 
humus  in  the  soil  varies.  In  places  it  is  slight  in  amount,  but  usually 
it  is  present  in  sufficient  quantities  to  form  a  good  garden  soil,  capable 
of  supporting  a  luxuriant  vegetation,  (c)  In  the  marshes  on  the  sound 
side  of  the  bank  a  black  mud,  1  to  2  feet  deep,  is  found  overlying  a  sandy 
substratum. 

The  soil  water  is  usually  18  inches  or  less  below  the  surface,  and, 
with  the  exception  noted  below,  uniformly  fresh.  Even  where  the  tides 
cover  the  marshes,  and  water  standing  on  the  surface  is  salt,  with  a  spe- 
cific gravity  of  1.023,  the  soil  water  is  fresh.  In  this  case  the  ground 
water  probably  comes  up  from  below  through  the  sand,  the  soil  being 
too  impervious  to  allow  the  surface  salt  water  to  ipercolate  through  to 
the  fresh  water  below.  Only  in  the  Spartina-Salicornia  marshes,  which 
are  constantly  wet  with  salt  water,  is  the  ground  water  not  fresh.  Wher- 
ever plants  other  than  Spartina  glabra  (strida),  Salicornia  spp.  or 
Borrichia  frutcsccns  grow,  the  ground  water  is  fresh. 


^Notes  on  the  Geology  of  Core  Bank,  N.  C. :  Journal  of  the  Elisha  Mitchell  Scientific  Society, 
Vol.  23,  No.  1.    1907. 


10 


THE    VEGETATION    OF    SHACKLEFORD    BANK 


PHYSIOGRAPHY 

The  eleA'ation  of  Sliackleford  A'aries  from  sea-level  in  the  marshes  to 
20-25  feet  in  the  higher  ground  of  the  interior.  Toward  Cape  Lookout 
Light  are  some  shifting  dunes  perhaps  35  or  40  feet  high. 

The  physiographic  conditions  on  Shackleford  are  causing  rapid 
changes  in  the  vegetation  of  the  Bank,  which  will  be  referred  to  later. 
At  present  it  is  sufficient  to  state  that  the  sand  of  the  beach  is  advancing 
on  the  forest  at  a  comparatively  rapid  rate,  destroying  the  vegetation 
in  its  path. 

CLIMATE 

The  climate  of  Shackleford  is  very  similar  to  that  of  Hatteras,  de- 
scribed by  Kearney.i  From  data  furnished  by  the  United  States 
Weather  Bureau  for  Beaufort  (2  miles  from  Shackleford)  and  Hatteras, 
the  following  points  of  difference  are  taken : 

The  annual  mean  temperature  of  Beaufort  for  the  last  six  years  is 
63.6°  F.  (17.5°  C),  while  that  for  Hatteras  for  the  same  period  is  62.3° 
F.  (16.8°  C).  The  maximum  summer  temperature  of  Beaufort  is 
slightly  higher  (about  3°  F.)  than  that  of  Hatteras,  while  the  minimum 
winter  temperature  is  slightly  lower.  There  are  practically  no  days  at 
either  place  when  the  temperature  does  not  rise  as  high  as  43°  F.  (6°  C). 

The  latest  killing  frost  in  spring,  and  the  earliest  in  autumn,  occur 
at  about  the  same  time  in  both  places  (February  25  and  December  13). 

The  amount  of  sunshine  during  the  year  is  less  at  Beaufort  than  at 
Hatteras.  At  Beaufort  the  average  number  of  rainy  days  during  the 
year  is  128,  clear  days  117,  as  against  118  and  204  for  Hatteras.  The 
intensity  of  light  is  greatly  increased  at  both  places  by  reflection  from 
the  water  and  the  white  sand,  so  that  the  actual  amount  of  light  avail- 
able for  the  use  of  plants  is  greater  than  at  an  inland  station  with  the 
same  number  of  sunshiny  days. 

No  data  are  available  for  determining  the  atmospheric  humidity.  The 
prevailing  wind  during  the  growing  season  is  from  the  southwest,  and 
is  laden  with  moisture  from  the  Gulf  Stream,  so  that  the  average  hu- 
midity is  probably  not  less  than  at  Hatteras,  where  it  is  notably  high. 

The  annual  rainfall  is  even  greater  at  Beaufort  than  at  Hatteras. 
During  the  years  1896-97-98  and  1906-07-08  (the  only  years  for  which 
data  on  this  point  are  available  for  both  stations)  the  average  annual 
precipitation  at  Beaufort  was  58.59  inches,  at  Hatteras  53.12  inches. 
However,  the  estimated  mean  annual  precipitation  is  greater  for  Hat- 

^Kearney:  The  Plant  Covering  of  Ocracoke  Island;  Contributions  from  the  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.> 
Vol.  5,  No.  5.      1900. 


N.  C.  Geological  and  Economic  Suevet 


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A.  Portion  of  the  outer  beach,    showing  a   small   dune   built   up   by    Uniola   paniculata. 
Around  it  are  remnants  of  a  destroyed  forest 


The    stable    barrier    dune    of    the    outer    beach    on    Bogue    Bank,    formed    by    Uniola 
paniculata.      (Photograph  by  R.  E.  Coker) 


THE    VEGETATION    OF    SHACKLEFOKD    BANK  11 

tcras  than  for  Beaufort  (Hatteras  60.85  inches,  Beaufort  52.55  inches).'' 
These  figures  differ  somewhat  from  those  quoted  by  Kearney  for  Hat- 
teras. 

The  precipitation  is  fairly  uniform  throughout  the  year.  No  pro- 
longed period  of  drought  is  liahle  to  occur. 

The  prevailing  wind  during  the  growing  season  is  from  the  southwest. 
This  is  the  wind  which  most  affects  the  woody  vegetation,  so  that  the 
trees  in  exposed  positions  incline  strongly  to  the  northeast,  the  windward 
(southwest)  side  being  denuded  of  branches,  while  the  foliage  lies  mainly 
to  leeward  of  the  axis.  Just  the  opposite  is  reported  for  the  trees  on 
Ocracoke.2 

NOMENCLATURE 

The  nomenclature  adopted  is  that  of  Gray's  Manual  of  Botany,  7th 
edition,  revised  by  Robinson  and  Fernald,  and  in  the  case  of  plants  not 
listed  in  this  work,  of  Small's  Southern  Flora. 

Exact  determination  of  the  plants  found  is  of  the  highest  importance 
in  such  an  account  as  this.  This  has  been  made  possible  by  the  kind- 
ness of  Dr.  John  K.  Small,  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden,  to  whom 
specimens  of  practically  all  the  plants  listed  were  sent.  I  wish  to  express 
here  my  thanks  to  Dr.  Small  for  his  assistance. 

PLANT  FORMATIONS 

The  plants  occurring  on  Shackleford  Bank  may  be  arranged  in  the 
following  groups : 

I.  Sand  strand  vegetation. 

1.  Treeless  (open) : 

a.  Inner  beach  formation:   Croton-Cenchrus  association. 
6.  Outer  beacli  formation:  Salsola-Euphorbia  association, 
c.  Dune  formation:  Uniola  paniculata  association. 

2.  Trees  and  shrubs  (closed): 

0.  Thicket  formation:  Ilex  vomitoria  association. 

h.  Thicket  woodland  formation:   Persea-CalUcarixi  association. 

c.  Woodland  formation:  Quercus  vU-giniana 'association. 

II.  Marsh  vegetation. 

1.  Salt. marsh  formation  (closed):   Spartina-Salicornia  association. 

2.  Creek  marsh  formation  (closed):  Juncus-Eleocharis  association. 

3.  Dune  marsh  formation: 

o.  Cladium-Kosteletzkija  association. 
1).  Proserpinaca-Aspidiwrn  association. 


iFrom  Anmial  Summary,  N.  C.  Section  of  Climatologieal  Service  of  the  U.  S.  Weather  Bureau, 
1908,  p.  105. 

sKeamey,  1.  c,  pp.  266,  271.  I  am  informed  by  Mr.  W.  B.  Longest  of  Beaufort,  who  has  visited 
Ocracoke  daily  for  some  years,  that  Kearney  is  in  error  as  to  this  matter.  Mr.  Longest  states  that 
at  Ocracoke,  as  elsewhere  on  our  coast,  the  trees  are  most  aflfected  by  the  shimmer  winds  (off  the  sea), 
and  that  the  axes  of  the  trees  incline  toward  the  North. 


12  THE    VEGETATIOIV    OF    SHACKLEFORD    BANK 

c.  Isnardia-Pluchea  association. 

d.  Acorus-Salix  association. 

4.  Tidal  flat  formation  (closed):   8cirpns-Pas}}aJum  association. 

I.  Sand  strand  vegetation. 

1.  Treeless  (open). 

a.  Inner  beach  formation. 
This  formation  fringes  the  sound  side  of  Shackleford  except  in  a  few 
places  where  the  salt  marsh  extends  to  the  water's  edge.  The  soil  is  a 
fine  sand,  bare  of  vegetation  up  to  the  limits  of  mean  high  tide.  Above 
this  limit  Spartina  patens,  Cenclirus  trihuloides,  and  Croton  maritimus. 
all  perennial  species,  occur  commonly,  though  not  covering  the  ground 
completely",  Chenopodmm  Botrys,  Phy salts  viscosa,  and  Salsola  Kali 
are  of  common,  though  not  universal,  occurrence. 

h.  Outer  beach  formation. 

The  sandy  soil  is  mixed  with  broken  fragments  of  shells.  The  soil 
water  stands  at  a  depth  of  about  12  inches,  and  is  fresh.  The  outer 
beach  is  overrun  by  the  highest  Avinter  tides,  but  is  above  the  mean  high- 
tide  line. 

The  vegetation  is  sparse  and  open,  the  individual  plants  standing  at 
wide  intervals.  The  loose  character  of  the  soil  imparts  a  desert  aspect 
to  the  vegetation.  Salsola  Kali,  Euphorbia  polygonifoUa,  and  Ama- 
ranthus  pumilus  are  characteristic  of  this  formation.  Fimbristylis  cas- 
tanea  and  Spartina  juncea  (patens)  occur  occasionally. 

c.  Dune  formation. 

The  sand  accumulated  on  the  dunes  is  Avind-blown  and  of  fine  texture. 
The  soil  water  is  fresh  and  stands  at  a  depth  of  18-24  inches. 

The  dunes  are  covered  with  Uniola  paniculata,  whose  flowering  stalks, 
sent  up  in  abundance,  are  very  striking.  This  species  appears  to  set 
seed  rarely  in  this  locality.  Besides  the  Uniola,  Physalis  viscosa,  Cro- 
ton punctatus,  Solidago  sempervirens,  and  Oenothera  humifusa  are  pres- 
ent. This  formation  reaches  its  best  development  on  the  neighboring 
Bogue  Bank.     (See  Plates  II  A  and  B  and  Plate  III  yl.) 

2.  Trees  and  shrubs. 

a.  Thicket  formation. 

The  soil  is  sandy,  with  a  slight  admixture  of  humus.  Owing  to  its 
being  completely  shaded,  it  dries  out  much  less  readily  than  the  open 
sandy  soil  of  the  preceding  formations. 

Ilex  vomitoria,  from  a  few  inches  to  3  feet  high,  covers  the  ground 
so  closely  that  one  can  with  difficulty  make  his  way  through  the  thickets. 
Where  a  break  occurs  in  the  vegetation,  Ilex  opaca,  Juniperus  virgin- 
iana,  Smilax  Bona-nox,  Myrica  carolinensis,  and  other  species  occur. 


N.  C.  Geological  and  Economic  Survey 


A.  Face  view  of  the  barrier  dune  on  Bogus  Bank 


B.  View  of  thicket  woodland   and  marsli,   taken  from  the  sand   wall 


THE    VEGETATION    OF    SHACKLEFORD    BANK  13 

h.  Thicket  woodland  formation. 
The  soil  here  is  a  light  sandy  loam.  The  vegetation  is  very  dense 
and  consists  of  a  large  numher  of  species  of  trees,  shrubs,  herbs,  and 
woody  vines.  The  trees  comnionly  occurring  are  Persea  puhescens, 
Quercus  nigra,  Osmanthus  americanus,  Pinus  taeda,  and  Juniperus 
virginiana.  Of  shrubs  the  most  striking  are  Ilex  vomitoria,  Myrica 
cerifera,  Callicarpa  arnericana..  Ilex  glabra,  and  Sabal  glabra.  Charac- 
teristic herbs  are  Asplenium  platyneuron,  Anychistrum  Baldwinii, 
Lechea  villosa,  Hieracium  Gronovii,  Elephantopus  nudatus,  Acalypha 
gracilens,  Ascyrum  liypericoides,  (lalactia  roluhUi.s-.  Desmodium 
paniculatum,  and  species  of  Panicum.  "Woody  vines  are  very  con- 
spicuous. Berchemia  scandcns,  Smilax  Bona-nox,  S.  laurifolia,  Vitis 
rotundifolia,  and  Psedera  (Parthenocissus)  quinquefolia  are  most  abun- 
dant.    (See  Plate  III  B  and-  Plate  IV  A  and  B.) 

c.  Woodland  formation. 
On  all  the  higher  parts  of  the  island  except  the  dunes,  the  soil  is  a 
deep  light  sandy  loam.  On  this  trees  reach  a  considerable  size.  The 
vegetation  is  much  less  dense  than  that  of  the  previously  described  thicket 
woodland.  Common  trees  are  Quercus  virginiana,  Carpinus  caroliniana. 
Ilex  opaca,  Morus  rubra,  and  Quercus  phellos  (laurifolia).  Ilex  vomi- 
toria and  Zanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis  occur  commonly  as  well  devel- 
oped shrubs.  The  characteristic  herbs  are  Stipa  avenacea,  Uniola  laxa, 
Jatropha  stimulosa,  and  Eustachys  petraea.  Woody  vines,  while  of  com- 
mon occurence,  are  less  conspicuous  than  in  the  thicket  woodland  for- 
mation.    (See  Plate  Y  A.) 

II.  Marsh  vegetation. 

1.  Salt  marsh  formation. 

This  formation  occurs  commonly  along  the  border  of  the  sound.  The 
soil  is  a  blackish  mud  about  2  feet  deep,  very  impenetrable  to  surface 
water.  The  surface  is  usually  covered  with  salt  water  at  high  tide,  yet 
the  soil  water,  about  12  inches  below  the  surface,  may  remain  perfectly 
fresh. 

The  only  plants  occurring  always  in  this  formation  are  Spartina 
glabra  (stricta),  Salicornia  ambigua,  and  occasionally  Borrichia  frutes- 
cens.  At  one  point  opposite  Cape  Lookout  Salicornia  mucronata  (Bige- 
lowii)  replaces  the  elsewhere  universal  S.  ambigua.  On  the  next  Bank 
to  the  north,  Ocracoke  Island,  Kearney^  reports,  in  a  similar  formation, 
Salicornia  europaea  {lierbacea)  associated  with  Spartina  stricta  (gla- 
bra).    (See  Plate  V  5.) 


iKearney,  1.  c. 


14  the  vegetation  of  shackleford  bank 

2.  Creek  marsh  formation. 

The  conditions  of  soil  and  soil  water  are  the  same  as  in  the  preceding 
formation.  The  creek-marsh  formation  is  not,  however,  covered  at  mean 
high  tide. 

The  characteristic  plants  of  this  formation  are  Juncus  Roemerianus, 
Seutera  palustris,  and  Eleocliaris  albida.  Abundant  are  Scirpus  amer- 
icanus,  Gerardia  maritima,  Fimhristylis  castanea.  (See  Plate  VI  A 
and  B.) 

3.  Dune  marsh  formation. 

The  soil  is  dark  as  in  the  salt  marsh  formation,  but  is  not  reached 
even  by  winter  high  tides  and  the  surface  water  is  therefore  fresh. 

a.  Where  the  drainage  is  good,  the  surface  water  running  into  -small 
creeks  which  make  their  way  to  the  sound,  occurs  a  rich  plant  covering 
characteristic  of  which  are  Cladium  jamaicense,  Kosteletzl;ya  virginica; 
abundant  are  Boehmeria  cylindric'a,  Cyperus  strigosus,  Ipomoea  sa- 
gittata,  Lippia  nodiflora,  Bacopa  Monniera,  {Moyinlera  Monniera), 
Ammania  Koehnii,  Dichromena  colorata. 

h.  Where  the  marsh  is  inclosed  on  all  sides  by  neighboring  high 
ground,  the  drainage  is  very  poor.  As  already  mentioned,  the  black 
soil  is  very  impenetrable,  and  the  surface  water  stands  almost  indefi- 
nitely, becoming  dark  brown  in  color.  Here  Ludvigia  palustris,  PJuchca 
foetida,  P.  camphorata,  and  Cyperus  ha-span  are  the  characteristic 
species. 

c.  In  a  few  places  such  a  poorly  drained  area  seems  liable  to  be  cov- 
ered by  the  highest  winter  tides.  Here  Proserpinaca  pedinata  and 
Aspidium  Thelypteris  dominate  the  vegetation. 

d.  In  the  lee  of  the  highest  dunes  near  the  eastern  end  of  the  Bank 
are  permanent  pools  (1-3  feet  deep)  where  Acorns  Calamus  and  Salix 
sp.  are  common.  Around  these  pools  occur  many  of  the  species  noted 
above.     (See  Plate  YII  A  and  B.) 

4.  Tidal  flat  formation. 

This  occurs  wherever  an  area  originally  occupied  by  the  dune  marsh 
has  become  sanded  over.  The  soil  is  a  mixture  of  the  mud  of  the  swamp 
and  the  sand  which  has  drifted  in.  The  characteristic  association  is 
made  up  of  dwarfed  Scirpus  americanus,  6-8  inches  high,  and  of  Paspa- 
lum  distichum.  Fimhristylis  castanea  and  Spartina  patens  are  often  met 
with.  All  of  these  are  plants  at  home  in  the  marshes.  Besides  them. 
Euphorbia  polygonifoUa  and  Cenchrus  trihuloides  occur  as  invaders 
from  the  sand  strand. 


N.  C.  Geological  and  Economic  Survey 


Thicket  woodland.     The  trees,  Junipenis  virginiana,  and  the  woody  vines,  Berchemia 
scandens 


Dune  marsh  and  thicket  woodland 


THE    VEGETATION    OF    SHACKLEFORD    BANK  15 

GENERAL  ACCOUNT  OF  SHACKLEFORD  VEGETATION 

The  western  end  of  the  island  presents  a  sandy  shore  both  to  the  sea 
and  to  the  sound.  The  sand  strand  vegetation  on  the  sound  side  is 
formed  of  scattered  specimens,  only  a  few  species  being  represented. 
The  most  characteristic  are  Spartina  patens,  Cenchrus  tribuloides,  and 
Croton  punctatus.  About  tAventy  other  species,  both  annual  and  per- 
ennial, occur  occasionally  or  commonly  with  these.  The  majority  are 
either  halophytic  or  pronouncedly  xerophytic.  The  vegetation,  like 
that  of  the  outer  beach,  is  desert-like  and  unattractive. 

Leaving  the  sound,  the  strand  rises  a  few  feet  and  passes  into  the 
higher  ground  in  the  center  of  the  Bank.  Here  the  knolls,  of  loose 
sandy  texture,  are  occupied  by  a  thicket  vegetation,  while  in  the  hollows 
are  swampy  areas,  with  the  soil  black  mud,  on  which  flourishes  a  luxu- 
riant'herbaceous  vegetation. 

Passing  through  this  area  toward  the  sea  one  comes  on  an  advancing 
sand  wall,  10  to  20  feet  high,  which  is  burying  the  vegetation  at  a  rapid 
rate.i  On  the  sandy  plateau  south  of  this  some  cedars  still  stand,  the 
alburnum  eaten  away  by  the  driving  sand,  the  heart-wood  sound.  Some 
of  these  trees  have  been  uprooted  and  lie  almost  completely  buried. 
Others  are  upright,  the  topmost  branches  alone  showing  above  the  sand. 
On  those  dead  cedars  which  are  not  covered  by  the  sand  are  frequently 
to  be  found  masses  of  lianas,  their  leafy  crowns  replacing  those  of  the 
dead  trees  exactly,  so  that  in  the  distance  the  trees  seem  to  be  living. 
One  such  dead  Juniperus  bore  five  lianas,  forming  a  dense  mat  where 
the  crown  of  the  tree  was,  and  rooting  in  the  sand.  The  soil  "water  at 
this  point  was  18  inches  below  the  surface  and  quite  fresh.  The  usual 
woody  vines  growing  on  these  outposts  of  vegetation  are  Psedera  (Par- 
thenocissus)  quinquefolia,  Vltis  rotundifoUa,  Cissus  arborea,  Rhus  ra- 
dicans,  and  Berchemia  scandens. 

Besides  these  remnants  of  a  once  vigorous  forest  growth,  there  are 
present  on  the  sandy  plateau  between  the  thickets  and  the  sea  only  a 
few  scattered  specimens  of  the  species  usual  on  the  outer  beach.  The 
shifting  soil  is  no  doubt  responsible  for  the  sparseness  of  living  vegetation 
in  this  portion  of  the  island.  At  one  point,  near  the  w^estern  end,  a  few 
small  dunes  have  been  built  up  by  the  growth  of  the  sea  oats  (Uniola.y 
The  dunes  are  low  and  dome-shaped.  Since  they  are  isolated  from  one 
another,  they  do  not  form  a  barrier  between  the  outer  sand  and  the  inner 
thickets,  as  is  the  case  on  the  neighboring  Bogue  Bank.^  They  are 
growing  and  spreading,  however,  and  in  time,  if  left  undisturbed,  will 
afford  some  protection  to  the  vegetation  at  this  end  of  the  Bank. 


iPigs.  4,  6,  11,  12. 

2Fig.   1. 

'Figs.  2,  3. 


16  THE    VEGETATION    OF    SHACKLEFORD    BANK 

The  interior  of  this  portion  of  the  island  is  covered  by  a  very  dense 
vegetation,  through  which  it  is  difficult  to  force  a  passage.  The  lower 
ground  possesses  a  black,  impervious  soil,  constantly  wet  with  rain- 
water, and  covered  by  a  dense  herbaceous  growth.  Around  these  fresh- 
water swamps  the  sandy  elevations  are  covered  with  shrubs  and  small 
trees.i  "Woody  vines  are  especially  abundant  here,  growing  with  a 
tropical  luxuriance  which  contrasts  strangely  with  the  desert-like  aspect 
of  the  beach  formations.^ 

Between  High  Hill  and  Mullet  Pond  (see  map)  the  sound  is  bordered 
by  salt  marshes,  which  are  overflowed  at  high  tide.  The  vegetation  here 
is  constant  in  character  and  appearance.  A  dense  stand  of  Spartina 
glabra,  in  which  Salicornia  amhigua  is  abundant,  gives  the  marshes  a 
uniform  grassy  appearance.  This  association  is  invaded  rarely,  and  then 
only  by  Borrichia  frutescens. 

Above  •  the  level  of  ordinary  high  tides  the  marsh  is  given  a  more 
varied  aspect  by  the  presence  of  a  number  of  invading  species.  Of  these, 
Juncus  Roemerianus  is  one  of  the  first  to  appear.  This  is  a  large,  tall 
rush,  the  dark  clumps  of  which  dot  the  marshes  here  and  there.  Climb- 
ing on  the  rush  is  usually  to  be  found  a  narrow-leaved,  slender  herb, 
Seuiera  paliistris.  Between  the  hummocks  of  Juncus  occurs  commonly 
Gerardia  maritima,  forming  purple  patches  on  the  level  swamp. 

East  of  High  Hill  the  ground  is  uniformly  high,  from  10  to  20  feet 
'  above  sea-level,  and  the  sand  strand  is  quite  narrow.  In  this  stretch 
occurs  open  woodland,  where  the  vegetation  is  not  so  dense  as  in  the 
thicket  woodland  farther  west.  The  characteristic  trees  are  Que  reus 
rirginiana,  Q.  phellos,  Persea  puhescens,  Morus  rubrci,  and  Ilex  opaca. 
While  some  of  these  trees  are  of  considerable  size,  none  of  them  attain 
the  dimensions  of  the  same  species  on  the  less  exposed  mainland.  Be- 
tween them  Ilex  vomitoria  (yaupon)  is  the  usual  shrub,  here  being  beset 
with  numerous  short  thorn-like  branches.  Woody  vines  are  conspicu- 
ous, the  species  being  identical  with  those  mentioned  as  occurring  occa- 
sionally on  the  sandy  plrteau  bordering  the  sea  beach. "^ 

At  about  the  level  of  Wade's  Shore  the  open  woodland  begins  to  be 
succeeded  by  dune  marshes.  Here  the  black  soil  retains  the  rain-water, 
which  stands  at  a  level  of  6-12  inches,  and  which  is  brown  in  color  like 
the  ''Juniper  water"  of  the  Dismal  Swamp.  These  marshes  are  not  of 
great  extent  and  lie  on  the  seaward  side,  near  the  wall  of  advancing 
sand. 

From  this  point  to  Cape  Lookout  both  forest  and  swamp  have  dis- 
appeared completely  save  for  one  or  two  small  groves  of  live  oak,  which 

iFig.  4. 
2Fig.  5. 
3Fig.  7. 


PLATE  V 


N.  C.  Geological  and  Economic  Survey 


"^  V.  A  r> 


A.   Open  woodland,  the  sand  drifting  in  to  the  right.      Quercus  virginiana  and 
Juniperus  virginiana 


Salt  marshes    (Spartina  and  Salicornia)   near  the  Fisheries  Laboratory 
(Photo  by  R.  E.   Coker) 


THE    VEGETATION    OF    SHACKLEFORD    BANK 


17 


have  been  able  to  resist  the  advancing  sand.  Elsewhere  this  portion 
of  the  island  is  a  sandy  waste,  with  little  or  no  vegetation,  except  that 
in  the  lower  places  may  be  seen  evidences  of  the  swamps  that  existed 
here  before  the  advancing  sand  covered  the  island  from  the  sea  to  the 
sound.  In  such  low  flat  areas  Scirpus  ainericaiuts  and  Fimhristylis 
castanea,  most  tolerant  of  sand  and  drought  of  all  the  marsh  species, 
continue  to  exist  side  by  side  with  Croton  punctatus,  Salsola  Kali,  and 
Cenchrus  tribuloides,  plants  at  home  on  the  sand  strand.  Paspalum 
distichum  often  covers  the  ground  with  a  weak  but  uniform  turf  in  such 
spots,  and  Spartina  patens  is  usually  present. 

The  sand  strand  also  does  not  extend  east  of  Wade's  Shore,  but  gives 
way  to  the  flat  salt  marshes,  which  border  the  sound. 

N^ot  far  from  Cape  Lookout,  about  400  yards  from  the  sea,  are  dunes 
some  40  feet  high.  In  the  lee  of  these  are  fresh  pools,  fed  by  seepage 
from  the  dunes.  Acorns  Calamus  and  Salix  sp.  are  here  present,  while 
around  the  pools  are  the  shrubs  of  the  thicket  formation  occurring 
toward  the  western  end  of  the  island. 

THE  YEGETATION  OF  BOGUE  BANK 

On  this  bank,  which  extends  west  from  Beaufort  Inlet,  physiographic 
conditions  have  produced  a  much  more  stable  configuration  than  on 
Shackleford.  A  line  of  dunes  about  20  feet  high,  formed  and  covered 
b}^  sea-oats  (Uniola)  extends  along  the  bank,  and  protects  the  vegeta- 
tion in  its  lee  from  the  encroachments  of  drifting  sand.  Back  of  the 
dunes  on  the  eastern  end  of  the  bank  for  a  distance  of  about  five  miles 
the  ground  is  covered  by  thickets  somewhat  like  those  described  for 
Shackleford,  though  the  woody  plants  are  here  smaller  and  more  shrubby. 
Ilex  vomitoria  is  the  dominant  shrub,  while  Zanthoxylnm  Clava-Her- 
culis  and  Juniperus  virginiana  are  common.  In  the  more  open  places 
are  the  herbs  and  shrubs  characteristic  of  similar  localities  on  Shackle- 
ford. 

From  about  five  miles  west  of  the  Inlet,  the  Hoop  Pole  woods  cover 
the  bank,  the  beach  being  here  quite  narrow.  The  woods  are  protected 
by  a  barrier  dune,  or  sand  wall,  held  in  place  by  Uniola  and  various 
sand-binding  herbs  and  shrubs,  among  which  a  low  form  of  Ilex  vomi- 
toria is  abundant.  The  Hoop  Pole  woods  themselves  are  composed 
mostly  of  liardAvood  trees  of  considerable  size,  with  an  admixture  of 
pines  and  cypresses.  The  forest  here  is  quite  similar  to  that  of  the 
adjacent  mainland,  and  here  flourish  many  plants  Avhich  cannot  endure 
the  severer  conditions  on  Shackleford.  Botanically,  Bogue  Bank  from 
Bogue  Inlet  to  the  eastern  end  of  the  Hoop  Pole  woods  (about  20  miles) 
is  a  continuation  of  the  mainland. 
2 


18  THE    VEGETATION    OF    SHACKLEFORD    BANK 

CONSERVATION  OF  THE  VEGETATION 

The  vegetation  of  Shackleford  Bank  is  described  at  some  length 
because  of  the  rapid  changes  in  the  physiography  of  the  region  now  tak- 
ing place.  In  the  memory  of  living  inhabitants,  the  Bank  was  well 
wooded  over  its  entire  extent,  the  strand  separating  the  forest  from  the 
oceam  beach  being  so  narrow  that  it  was  "possible  to  sit  in  a  tree  and  cast 
a  fishing  line  into  the  water."  Before  the  Civil  War,  however,  cutting 
of  timber,  coupled  with  forest  fires,  the  grazing  of  cattle  and  sheep, 
and  the  inroads  of  gales,  had  broken  the  protecting  wall  of  vegetation 
and  allowed  the  sand  from  the  beach  to  blow  in  on  the  trees.  Slowly 
at  first,  and  then  more  and  more  rapidly,  the  sand  was  blown  in  on  the 
vegetation,  killing  or  covering  the  existing  plants.  At  the  present  time 
the  forest  east  of  Wade's  Shore  (see  map)  has  been  destroyed,  and  this 
portion  of  the  Bank  is  a  sandy  waste,  with  here  and  there  a  wind-blown 
dune  sheltering  a  remnant  of  the  former  vegetation.  In  the  western 
and  wider  portion  of  the  Bank  the  progress  of  the  sand  has  been  slower, 
and  perhaps  half  of  the  original  plant  covering  remains.  Here  the 
work  of  destruction  is  going  on  at  a  rapid  rate.  The  dry  sand,  blowing 
over  the  wide  beach,  is  carried  to  the  edge  of  the  forest  and  there  falls 
over  a  slope  of  an  angle  of  about  30°.  This  sloping  sand- wall  is  advanc- 
ing on  the  forest  at  a  rate  of  4  to  12  feet  a  year  and  killing  all  vegeta- 
tion in  its  path.  As  the  beach  broadens,  the  sand  will  drift  in  with 
increasing  rapidity,  until  within  a  comparatively  few  years  the  foresi- 
covering  will  be  obliterated. 

The  -results  of  this  will  be  twofold.  It  will  probably  lead  to  the 
abandonment  of  Shackleford  Bank  as  a  permanent  place  of  residence, 
because  without  the  protection  afforded  by  the  vegetation,  the  winter 
storms  will  sweep .  over  the  land  with  such  force  as  to  make  residence 
unsafe.  In  the  second  place,  the  sand  vnYi  continue  to  drift  north  with 
increasing  rapidity,  and  this  will  have  a  tendency  to  fill  in  the  rather 
narrow  sound  lying  between  the  bank  and  the  mainland.  The  hindrance 
thus  caused  will  be  slight,  because  few  boats  now  pass  this  way,  the 
channel  being  tortuous  and  in  places  quite  shallow.  Of  more  impor- 
tance will  be  the  effect  of  the  closing  of  the  channel  on  the^  fisheries  of 
the  region.  The  enormous  number  of  mullet  and  other  fish  now  coming 
through  Core  Sound  to  Beaufort  Inlet  would  pretty  certainly  be  diverted 
to  some  other  inlet  farther  northeast.  Whether  this  would  result  in  a 
diminution  of  the  total  catch  of  Pamlico  and  Core  sounds,  or  whether 
the  loss  at  one  point  would  be  compensated  for  by  a  gain  at  another, 
cannot  be  stated.  At  any  rate  there  Avould  be  a  serious  disturbance  to 
the  conditions  which  noAv  make  fishing  profitable  in  this  region. 


N.  C.  Geological  and  Economic  Survey 


A.  Creek  marsh  and  thicket  woodland 


larsh    and   thicket   woodland 


THE    VEGETATION    OF    SHACKLEFORD    BANK  19 

Eor  these  two  practical  reasons,  then,  it  seems  desirable  to  protect 
the  existing  vegetation  of  Shackleford  from  further  destruction  by 
drifting  sand.  A  third  reason  is  not  less  imijortant.  From  Cape  Henry 
southward  along  our  entire  Atlantic  Coast  similar  conditions  are  met 
with.  What  are  now  forest  lands,  some  quite  valuable,  are  being  con- 
v-erted  into  sandy  wastes.  The  methods  which  have  proved  successful 
in  other  parts  of  the  world^  in  controlling  shifting  sands  and  converting 
them  into  forest  lands  have  never  been  tried  in  this  section  to  any  extent, 
and  it  would  be  of  practical  and  scientific  value  to  conduct  experiments 
along  this  line  on  Shackleford  Bank.  The  area  to  be  protected  is  rather 
small,  so  the  cost  of  the  experiments  would  not' be  very  great. 

The  first  step  in  such  reclamation  and  conservation  work  would  be 
the  production  of  a  barrier  dune  running  along  the  sea  beach  similar 
to  that  employed  on  the  Kurische  JSTehrung  in  Germany  and  on  the 
southwestern  coast  of  France.  The  first  step  in  the  formation  of  such 
a  dune  would  be  to  form  a  long  ridge  of  sand,  10-12  feet  high,  by  means 
of  a  brush  fence.  This  should  consist  of  two  rows  of  rough  stakes  or 
untrinnned  branches,  driven  firmly  into  the  sand  and  projecting  two 
or  more  feet  above  the  surface.  Such  a  fence  should  be  set  100  feet 
from  the  sea.  It  would  cause  the  drifting  sand  to  accumulate  in  a  long 
ridge.  "When  the  ridge  becomes  10  or  12  feet  high,  sea  oats  (JJniola  pan- 
iculata)  should  be  set  out  after  the. manner  used  in  other  countries  in 
transplanting  the  sea  marram  {Ammophila  arenaria).  With  some  at- 
tention a  barrier  dune  would  be  thus  formed  similar  to  that  now  pro- 
tecting the  Hoop  Pole  woods  on  the  neighboring  Bogue  Bank. 

After  the  barrier  dune  is  formed,  the  region  back  of  it,  now  a  sandy 
plateau,  should  be  planted  in  loblolly  pine  {Pinus  taeda).  The  work 
of  reclamation  would  then  be  complete,  and  occasional  attention  to  the 
barrier  dune,  with  the  purpose  of  repairing  accidental  breaks  due  to 
storms,  and  preventing  blow-outs,  would  make  it  permanent. 

If  the  barrier  dune  is  once  formed,  the  work  of  reclaiming  the  sandy 
plateau  would  be  greatly  aided  by  various  native  plants.  Of  these  the 
most  important  are  Spartina  juncea,  Fimbristylis  casianea,  Physalis 
viscosa,  and  Paspalum  distichum.  Ilex  vomitoria,  which  seeds  vei'y 
freely,  would  aid  materially  in  providing  a  windbreak  for  the  young 
pines.  All  the  plants  mentioned  are  valuable  sand  binders,  since  thej' 
have  long  branching  roots  or  rhizomes  which  tend  to  hold  the  sand. 
Occasional  clumps  of  Salsola  Kali,  Cenchrus  trihuloides,  Oenothera  hu- 
mifusa,  Euphorbia  polygonifolia,  and  Solidago  sempervirens  would  also 
occur  on  such  a  formation,  but  would  be  of  less  importance  because  their 
roots  strike  vertically,  rather  than  horizontally,  into  the  sand. 

iHitchoock,  A.  S.,  Methods  used  for  controlling  and  reclaiming  sand  dunes:    Bull.  57,  Bureau 
of  Plant  Industry. 


20  THE    VEGETATION    OF    SHACKLEP'ORD    BANK 

The  entire  strip  involved  in  sucli  an  experiment  as  tliat  suggested  is 
about  three  miles  long.  The  cost  of  building  the  brush  fence  cannot 
be  stated  with  certainty,  but  would  be  in  the  neighborhood  of  $500, 
while  planting  the  sea  oats  would  cost  perhaps  $200  more.^  The  ulti- 
mate success  of  the  operations  would  depend  very  largely  on  having  a 
competent  man  to  inspect  the  barrier  dune  occasionally,  say  once  a 
month,  and  repair  breaks  by  means  of  sand  fences. 

The  prohibitive  cost  of  the  reclamation  operations  suggested  by  Bond^ 
is  estimated  from  his  study  of  the  conditions  obtaining  at  Hatteras.  The 
actual  cost  of  reclamation  work  on  Shackleford  would  be  less  than  esti- 
mated by  Bond,  for  the  following  reasons:  (1)  The  fence  need  not  be 
of  board,  since  experience  in  other  localities  proves  that  sand  is  held 
sufficiently  well  by  a  rough  fence  or  hedge  built  of  untrimmed  branches 
driven  into  the  sand.  (2)  The  sand  ridge  need  not  be  built  up  to  the 
height  of  30  feet,  as  recommended  by  Bond.  After  the  ridge  has  been 
raised  6  feet  or  so  from  the  level  of  the  beach,  sea  oats  should  be  planted. 
This  species,  by  its  natural  growth,  would  build  up  the  ridge  to  the 
desired  height. 

These  two  matters  are  mentioned  to  show  that  the  estimates  of  Bond 
were  made  without  suffik;ient  regard  to  the  local  conditions.  His  recom- 
mendations are  taken  from  Hitchcock's  paper  (1.  c.)  on  Controlling  and 
Reclaiming  Sand  Dunes,  which  is  based  on  a  study  of  the  methods  used 
in  the  "JSTetherlands,  Denmark,  Germany,  and  France"  (p.  5).  These 
methods,  to  be  successful  on  our  coasts,  must  be  adapted  to  local  condi- 
tions, and  a  study  of  these  conditions  must  precede  successful  reclama- 
tion work.  The  results  of  such  a  study  I  have  endeavored  to  include  in 
the  present  account. 

SAND  AND  SOIL  BINDING  PLANTS  AND  THEIR  ACTIONS 

The  character  of  the  soil  around  Beaufort  is  such  that  physiographic 
agencies  act  rapidly.  The  sandy  shoals  in  the  sound,  and  therefore  the 
channels,  are  constantly  being  shifted  by  tidal  currents.  The  sands  of 
the  "banks"  are  extremely  unstable,  and  are  continually  being  moved 
about  by  the  wind.  There  are  certain  natural  agencies,  however,  which 
tend  to  check  this  extensive  movement  of  the  soil,  and  which  must  be 
the  basis  of  any  permanent  fixation  of  the  land.  These  are  the  work 
of  sand  and  soil  binding  plants,  somewhat  similar  to  but  not  identical 
with  the  plants  of  the  same  function  in  other  parts  of  the  Avorld.-" 

A  brief  account  of  these  plants  and  their  action  will  be  given  here. 


^These  estimates  were  made  in  1E09,  and  must  be  modified  on  account  of  the  great  increase  in  the 
cost  of  labor. 

^Biennial  Report  of  the  State  Gaologist,  N.  C  Geological  and  Economic  Survey,  pp.  42-48, 
Raleigh,  1908. 

sSee  Hitchcock,  1.  c. 


PLATE  VII 


N.  C.  Geological  and  Economic  Survey 


A.  Dune  marsh  and  thicket  woodland;   on   the  right   the   advancing  sand  wall 


I 


B.  View  from  the  sand  wall  across  the   island   to  the   sound 


THE    VEGETATION    OF    SHACKLEFORD    BANK  21 

SOIL-BUILDING    PLANTS 

The  most  imiDortant  are  Spartina  glabra,  Salicornia  amhigua,  and 
Borrichia  frutescens.  These  are  plants  of  the  salt-marsh,  and  live  only 
in  situations  where  the  soil  is  flooded  at  high  tide,  and  where  the  water 
is  comparatively  quiet.  They  are  an  .important  factor  in  the  formation 
of  the  numerous  flat,  marshy  islands  lying  in  Bogue  Sound  and  around 
the  mouth  of  JSTewport  River.  At  first,  sandy  flats,  quite  hare  of  vege- 
tation, are  formed  by  the  currents  due  to  wind  and  tide.  Spartina  may 
gain  a  precarious  foothold  on  the  loose  sand.  It  then  sends  its  strong, 
thick  rhizomes  here  and  there,  binding  the  sand  on  which  it  grows,  add- 
ing humus,  collecting  and  holding  silt  brought  down  by  the  rivers.  In 
such  situations  the  grass  is  stunted  and  sparse,  but  by  thrusting  a  spade 
into  the  sand  one  sees  that  the  substratum  is  closely  occupied  by  the  long 
heavy  branching  rhizomes  long  before  the  conditions  are  sufficiently 
favorable  for  the  aerial  part  of  the  plant  to  send  up  its  flowering  stalks 
or  even  to  produce  very  vigorous  foliage.  At  this  stage  Salicornia  am- 
higua may  also  gain  a  foothold  and  aid  in  reclaiming  the  sandy  wastes. 
The  building  up  is  accomplished  partly  by  the  plants  catching  and 
holding  the  sand  and  silt  brought  to  them  by  the  currents  and  partly 
by  the  actual  addition  of  dead  and  rotted  plant  substance.  After  these 
forces  have  been  at  work  for  some  time  the  land  may  be  raised  nearly  or 
quite  out  of  reach  of  high  tides,  and  invaders  begin  to  appear  in  the 
highest  ground  and  help  build  it  up  further.  The  common  invaders 
in  such  situations  are  Borrichia  frutescens,  Limonium  carolinianum, 
Solidago  sempervirens,  Strophosty'les  umhellata,  Iva  oraria,  and  Spartina 
patens. 

All  stages  of  this  island-formation  can  be  observed  near  the  Fisheries 
Laboratory.  On  Shark  Shoal^  south  of  the  Laboratory,  the  Spartina 
has.  just  been  established.  To  the  north  are  broad  flats  of  marsh  with 
Spartina,  Salicornia,  and  Borrichia.  Where  the  currents  of  the  water 
have  aided  in  building  up  the  land  the  other  species  mentioned  above 
are  to  be  seen.  The  town  marsh  is  in  a  still  later  stage  of  development; 
woody  species  such  as  Myrica  cerifera,  and  various  grasses  and  herbs, 
have  appeared. 

Changes  in  the  small  islands  of  the  sound  are  not  all  progressive. 
When  the  direction  of  the  tidal  currents  is  changed  for  any  reason,  the 
result  may  be  the  denudation  of  land  already  built  up.  Such  denuda- 
tion has  occurred  in  a  striking  Avay  on  Bird  Shoal,  just  south  of  the 
town  of  Beaufort.  This  island  was,  twenty  years  or  so  ago,  of  an  eleva- 
tion of  15  or  20  feet,  and  covered  with  a  vigorous  growth  of  j^lants, 

^Spartina  has  also  been  planted  on  Shark  Shoal. 


22  THE    VEGETATION    OF    SHACKLEFOKD    BANK 

including  sea  oats  (Uniola),  Myrica  cerifera,  and  many  other  species 
both  shrubby  and  herbaceous.  The  action  of  storms,  however,  com- 
bined with  changes  in  the  direction  of  the  tidal  currents,  has  resulted  in 
leveling  this  land  until  it  is  now  completely  covered  at  mean  high  tide. 
The  only  vegetation  now  occurring  here  is  a  sparse  growth  of  Spartina 
glabra. 

Another  method  of  island-formation  in  neighboring  waters  has  been 
described  by  Grave.^ 

SAND-BINDING    PLANTS 

Methods  for  controlling  and  reclaiming  shifting  sands  have  been 
well  worked  out  in  other  regions,  and  it  is  known  with  tolerable  certainty 
just  what  may  be  expected  of  any  species  of  sand-binding  plants  under 
given  conditions.  These  conditions  are  the  same  the  world  over.  High 
winds  playing  over  dry  sand  furnish  conditions  for  plant  life  that  call 
for  specially  modified  species  to  withstand  them. 

In  controlling  shifting  sand,  the  first  step  is  usually  the  formation 
of  a  barrier  dune  which  will  catch  and  break  the  full  force  of  the  wind ; 
second,  the  sand  back  of  the  dune  must  be  held  in  place  until  it  can  be 
forested;  third,  the  forest  must  become  established  in  the  lee  of  the 
barrier  dune. 

Eor  forming  the  barrier  dune,  beach  grass  {Ammophila  arenaria)  has 
been  almost  universally  used.  This  species  is  not  available  at  Beaufort. 
Its  place  is  well  supplied,  however,  by  the  sea  oats  {Uniola  paniculata) , 
which  possesses  all  the  features  that  make  beach  grass  valuable  in  other 
localities.  Its  leaves  are  sufficiently  tough  to  resist  the  action  of  blasts 
of  dry  sand  driven  at  high  speed.  They  are  too  flexible  to  be  broken 
by  direct  action  of  the  wind.  The  root-stocks  are  strong,  heavy,  and 
branching,  and  strike  both  vertically  and  obliquely  into  the  sand,  so  that 
the  plant  is  securely  anchored,  and  the  sand  firmly  held.  Lastly,  the 
constant  movement  of  the  sand  is  rather  beneficial  than  injurious  to 
Uniola. 

That  this  species  may  be  successfully  used  in  forming  a  barrier  dune 
is  evidenced  by  Bogue  Bank  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Hoop  Pole  wood. 
Here  the  dune  is  stable,  and  furnishes  complete  protection  to  the  forest. 

The  sea  oats  will  prove  most  valuable  in  controlling  shifting  sand. 
It  is  not  available,  however,  for  reclaiming  sandy  wastes,  for  the  reason 
that  it  flourishes  only  where  the  sand  is  constantly  moving.  Where  the 
sand,  sheltered  by  a  barrier  dune,  is  comparatively  stable,  other  species 

'Grave,  C,  Investigations  for  the  Promotion  of  the  Oyster  Industry  in  North  Carolina;  U.  S. 
Fish  Commission  Report,  pp.  260-264.    1903. 


PLATE   VIII 


N.  C.  Geological  and  Economic  Survey 


A.   Sand  wall  advancing  on  woodland 


,// 


i 


.^.^:. 
't^,   - 


-m 


"Graveyard"  of  forest,  some  of  the  dead  trees  covered  with  lianas 


THE    VEGETATION    OF    SHACKLEFORD    BANK  23 

are  required  to  hold  it  in  place  and,  by  the  addition  of  humus,  to  fur- 
nish the  conditions  necessary  for  a  pennanent  plant  covering.  Of  these 
species,  by  far  the  most  valuable  in  this  locality  are  Spartina  patens  (S. 
juncea)  and  Physalis  vkcosa.  The  latter  possesses  the  toughness  of 
leaf  necessary  to  resist  the  driving  particles  of  sand,  and  has,  in  addi- 
tion, very  long,  slender,  tough,  branching  root-stocks,  which  are  admir- 
ably adapted  to  hold  in  place  the  sand  throughout  a  considerable  area 
around  each  individual  plant.  In  one  plant  one  of  the  root-stocks,  not 
including  the  branches,  was  found  to  be  upwards  of  45  feet  in  length. 
Furthermore,  Physalis  is  a  perennial  plant  which  sets  seed  freely.  Spar- 
tina patens  possesses  the  same  advantages,  although  the  root-stocks  are 
not  so  long,  and  is,  in  addition,  more  able  to  resist  adverse  conditions. 
The  other  species  which  flourish  on  more  or  less  unstable  sand,  such  as 
Euphorhia  polygonifolia,  Croton  punctatus,  Cenchrus  trihuloides,  and 
others,  are  not  so  valuable  as  sand  binders,  because  they  lack  the  exten- 
sive branching  root-stocks  of  the  two  species  mentioned  first,  and  because 
the  majority  {Croton  punctatus  is  an  exception  to  this  rule)  are  annual 
plants,  which  are  useful  only  in  the  summer.  One  shrubby  plant,  Iva 
oraria,  would  prove  valuable  if  it  could  endure  the  severe  conditions 
obtaining  on  sandy  areas  exposed  to  the  full  sweep  of  the  wind;  this 
has  not  yet  been  demonstrated.  Figure  X,  B,  shows  this  species  forming 
a  stable  dune  where  it  is  somewhat  protected  from  the  wind.  Another, 
Ilex  vomitoria,  is  an  efficient  sand  binder  and  an  excellent  windbreak 
when  it  once  gets  a  foothold.  It  is  difficult  to  transplant,  however,  and 
it  is  somewhat  doubtful  whether  it  would  grow  from  seed  in  exposed 
sandy  localities.  If  any  reclamation  operations  are  undertaken,  efforts 
should  be  made  to  establish  it  on  the  exposed  sand. 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION  OF  SHACKLEFORD  PLANTS 

The  entire  chain  of  sandbanks  along  the  JN'orth  Carolina  coast  lies 
in  the  Austro-riparian  area  of  the  Lower  Austral  Zone.i  This  area  in- 
cludes the  coast  region  beginning  from  the  mouth  of  the  Chesapeake 
Bay  and  the  coastal  plain  region  of  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States 
from  North  Carolina  to  Texas,  with  the  exception  of  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  Florida.  An  analysis  of  the  flora  of  Shackleford  shows  the 
Austro-riparian  element  to  be  dominant  at  this  place.  Over  24  per  cent 
of  the  total  number  of  plants  listed  are  characteristic  of  the  flora  of  thii 
area.     These  are  as  follows : 


iSee  Merriam,  The  GeoRraphical  Distribution  of  Animals  and  Plants  in  North  America:  Year 
Book,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agrieultme,  1894,  pp.  203-214.  Also.  Life  Zones  and  Crop  Zones  of  the 
United  States,  Bull.  10.  Biol.  Survev.     1898. 


24 


THE    VEGETATIOI^    OF    SHACKLEFOED    BANK 


1.  Maritime  species : 
Borrichia  frutescens  J  * 
Croton  punctatus  f  * 
Cyperus  tetragonus  t 
Eustachys  petraea  f  * 
Heliotropium  curassivicum  f  * 
Physalis  viscosa  %  * 

2.  Species  normally  occurring 
Berchemia  scandens  % 
Callicarpa  americana  J 
Cicuta  curtissii  J 
Cissus  (Ampelopsis)  arborea  J  * 
Cyperus  haspan  |  * 
Cyperus  microdontus  %  * 
Fimbristylis  spadicea  %  * 
Gaura  augustifolia  t 
Gelsemium  sempervirens  J 
Ilex  vomitoria  J 
Ipomoea  sagittata  f  * 
Iva  imbricata  {  * 
Jatropha  stimulosa  J 
KneifRa  arenicola  t 
Ludvigia  alata  f 
Ludvigia  microcarpa  t 

3.  Species  occurring  normallj  on  tlie  costal  plain 
Arenaria  lanuginosa  t  * 
Cladium  jamaicense  J  * 
Commelina  augustifolia  t 
Croton  glandulosus  J  * 
Cynoctonum  mitreola  J  * 
Dichromena  latifolia  J 
Eleocharis  ochreata  J  * 
Eupatorium  capillifolium  |  = 
Juncus  megacephalus  t 


Seutera  (Vincetoxicum)  palustris 
Suaeda  (Dondia)  linearis  f  * 
Uniola  paniculata  t  * 
Yucca  aloifolia  f  * 

10 

near  the  coast : 

Laurocerasus  caroliniana  t 
Lyonia  (Pieris)  nitida  J  * 
Osmantlius  americanus  t 
Panicum  lancearium  % 
Paspalum  distichum  J  * 
Persea  borbonia  $ 
Persea  pubescens  j 
Quercus  virginiana  %  * 
Rubus  trivialis  J 
Sacciolepis  striata  J  * 
Solanum  gracile  t  * 
Vincetoxicum  suberosum  J 
Zanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis  $  * 


29 


Ludvigia  virgata  t 
Paspalum  laeve  australe  J 
Passiflora  incarnata  |  * 
Polygonum  setaceum  t 
Sporobolus  indicus  J  * 
Stenophyllus  stenophyllus  f 
Vaccinium  arboreum  t 

16 


Total  number  of  strictly  Austro-riparian  species  occurring  on  Sliackle- 
ford,  55. 

To  this  list  may  be  added  ten  species  which  are  stated  by  Small  not 
to  occur  north  of  South  Carolina.  The  ranges  quoted  are  taken  from 
Small's  Southern  Flora.     These  species  are : 

Andropogon  tetrastachyus  ("South  Carolina  to  Florida  and  California"). 

Anychiastrum  Baldwinii  ("Georgia  to  Louisiana  and  Florida"). 
*Eleocharis  microcarpa  ("Florida  to  Louisiana.  Also  in  Cuba"). 
*Lagenaria  vulgaris  ("Gulf  States  and  throughout  the  Tropics"). 


*Also  in  tropics. 

tNorthern  limit  North  Carolina. 

JNorthern  limit  Virginia. 


N.  C.  Geological  and  Economic  Survey 


A.  Dead  Juniperus  covered  with  lianas 


i>.  View  of  High  Hill  from  the  sound,  showing  the  rise  of  the  land  at  this  point 


THE    VEGETATION    OF    SHACKLEFOKD    BANK  ZD 

Lippia  nodiflora  ("Georgia  to  Florida"). 

Paspalum  floridanum  ("South  Carolina  to  Florida,  west  to  Texas"). 
Rubus  persistens  ("South  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Mississippi"). 
Rynchospora  stipitata  ("In  river  swamps,  Florida"). 
Sabal  glabra  ("South  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Louisiana"). 
♦Verbena  polystachya  ("Florida,  through  the  Gulf  States  to  California"). 

Spiranthes  oralis  has  also  not  been  reported  from  this  State.  Fcstuca 
rubra  ranges  from  Labrador  to  Virginia,  mostly  near  the  coast. 

Of  the  species  listed  which  are  not  confined  to  the  Austro-riparian 
area,  27  are  maritime  and  28  usually  occur  along  the  coast.  The  north- 
ern limits  of  these  species  are  from  ISTova  Scotia  to  Maryland.  With 
few  exceptions  they  range  all  along  the  shores  of  the  South  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  States. 

Of  the  remaining  species,  the  great  majority  are  weeds  of  wide  distri- 
bution, and  not  confined  to  or  characteristic  of  any  one  phytogeograph- 
ical  area.  Of  these,  137  range  practically  throughout  the  United  States 
except  on  the  Pacific  slope,  while  21  occur  throughout  the  Carolinian 
and  Austro-riparian  areas.  Leaving  out  of  consideration  these  species 
and  the  wide-ranging  strand-forms,  it  is  seen  that  the  flora  of  Shackle- 
ford  is  almost  typically  Austro-riparian  in  its  character.  The  absence 
of  many  forms  usually  occurring  in  this  area^  is  to  be  attributed,  no 
doubt,  to  the  severe  conditions  for  plant  life  on  the  sand  banks,  since 
these  species  are  abundant  on  the  mainland,  only  one  to  two  miles  away. 

It  is  worthy  of  note  that  the  species  found  also  in  more  northern  areas 
which  extend  as  far  south  as  Beaufort,  usually  extend  also  throughout 
the  Austro-riparian  area  to  Florida  and  the  Gulf  States.  There  are  only 
ten  exceptions  to  this  rule,  or  3  per  cent  of  the  whole.  In  the  list  the 
northern  and  southern  limits  are  indicated  in  parentheses. 

Allium  vineale  (Connecticut  to  Georgia). 

Amaranthus  pumilus  (Rhode  Island  to  South  Carolina). 

Celtis  occidentalis  (Quebec  to  North  Carolina). 

Chenopodium  Botrys  (Nova  Scotia  to  Georgia). 

Digitaria  tiliformis  (Massachusetts  to  North  Carolina). 

Festuca  rubra  (Labrador  to  Virginia). 

Panicum  dichotomum  (Connecticut  to  Georgia). 

Panicum  spretum  (New  York  to  Georgia). 

Polypogon  monspeliensis  (New  Hampshire  to  South  Carolina). 

Vitis  labrusca  (New  England  to  Georgia). 


iSee  Kearney,  1.  c,  p.  314. 


THE    VEGETATION    OF    SHACKLEFOKD    BANK 


COMPARISON  OF  BEAUFORT  FLORA  WITH  THAT  OF  OTHER  LITTORAL  REGIONS 


Species 

Genera 

I.    Ocracoke  Island  (Kearney,  L  c.)— 
Total  number 

135 
107 
79.2 

115 

81 

70.4 

40.8 

107 
41 
38.3 

84* 
9 
10.7 

111 

Also  found  at  Beaufort 

99 

Per  cent  common  to  both  localities 

89  2 

II.     Isle  of  Palms,  S.  C.^ 

96 

Per  cent  common  to  both  localities . 

91  6 

Per  cent  common  to  Ocracoke  and  Isle  of  Palms 

m.    Alabama^ 
Total  number  .. 

83 

56 

Per  cent  common  to  both  localities 

67.4 

IV.     Florida  Keys^ 
Total  number 

76 

Also  found  at  Beaufort.—  .  . 

25 

32.9 

Of  the  species  listed  by  Mohr  for  Alabama,  only  tbose  are  counted 
here  wliicb  are  stated  to  occur  in  the  littoral  belt.  The  great  majority 
of  Beaufort  species  occur  in  the  coastal  plain  region  of  Alabama,  while 
only  41  per  cent  are  characteristic  of  the  littoral  belt.  The  table  serves 
to  show  how  closely  the  floras  of  littoral  North  and  South  Carolina  ap- 
proximate, and  also  how  much  more  nearly  similar  the  floras  of  Alabama 
and  Beaufort  are  than  those  of  the  Florida  Keys  and  Beaufort.  Of  the 
regions  compared,  the  Floridai  Keys  are  alone  outside  the  Austro-riparian 
area. 


'Coker,  W.  C.,  Observations  on  the  Flora  of  the  Isle  of  Palms,  Charleston,  S.  C;  Torreya,  V. 
135-145,  1905. 

sMohr,  C,  Plant  Life  of  Alabama;  Contributions  from  the  U.  S.  National  Herbarium,  VI,  921, 
pp.,  1901. 

sMillspaugh,  C.  F.,  Flora  of  the  Sand  Keys  of  Florida;  Publications  of  the  Field  Columbian 
Museum,  II,  191-245,  1907. 

^Of  these,  62  are  confined  to  Florida  and  the  tropics. 


N.  C.  Geological  and  Economic  Survey 


A.  Isolated  grove  of  live-oak  (Quercus  virginiana)  on  mainland;  similar  to  those 
Shackleford.      (Photo  by  W.  D.  Hoyt) 


B.  Small  dune  formed  by  Iva  oraria;   in  the  foreground   is  Spartina  patens 


THE    VEGETATION    OF    SHACKLEFORD    BANK 


27 


LIST  OF  SPECIES! 


POLYPODIACE.E 


i  Aspidium     Thelypteris     (L.)     Sw.; 

Dryopteris    Thelypteris     (L.)     A. 

Gray, 
e  Asplenium  platyneurou   (L.)   Oakes. 
/J  Onoclea  sensibilis  L. 
/  Polypodium       polypodioides        (L.) 

Hitch. 
/  Pteris  aquilina  L. 

OSMUNDACE^ 

/  Osmunda  regalis  L. 

PlNACE.^ 

e  Juniperus  virginiana  L. 
/  Pinus  taeda  L. 

Typhace.e 
li  Typha  augustifolia  L. 

Sparganiace.e 

i*  Sparganium  americanum  Nutt.  var. 
androcladiim  (Engelm.)  Fern.  & 
Eames.;  (S.  androcladum  (Eng.) 
Morong). 

Najadace.e 
Zostera  marina  L. 

JUNCAGINACE.E 

h  Triglochin  striata  R.  &  P. 

Alismace.e 

*  Saggittaria  lancifolia  L. 
i  Saggittaria  latifolia  Willd. 

Gramine.e 

if  Andropogon  tetrastachyus  Ell. 
a,&  Cenchrus  tribuloides  L. 

Cynodon  Dactylon   (L.)    pers.;    (Ca- 
priola  Dactylon  (L.)  Ktze). 


Digitaria    filiformis     (L.)     Koeler; 
(Syntherisma       filiformis       (L.) 
Nash). 
Digitaria    sanguinalis     (L.)     Scop.; 
(Syntherisma       filiformis       (L.) 
Nash), 
/i  Distichlis  spicata  (L.)  Greene, 
i  Echinochloa  Walteri  (Pursh.)  Nash; 
(Panicum  Walteri  Pursh). 
Eleusine  indica  (L.)  Gaert. 
Elymus  virginicus  L. 
Eragrostis       pectinacea       (Michx.) 
Steud. 
aEustachys     petraea     (Sw.)      Desv.; 

(Cliloris  petraea  Sw.). 
t*  Festuca  rubra  L. 
Panicum  Sp. 
i  Panicum  amarum  Ell. 

Panicum  anceps  Michx. 
e  Panicum  commutatum  Schultes. 
e  Panicum  dichotomum  L.   (?) 
Panicum    lancerearium    Trin.     (?); 
(P.  Nashianum  Scribn.(?)  ). 
e  Panicum  lanuginosum  Ell.;    (P.  pu- 

bescens  Lam.), 
e  Panicum  sphaerocarpon  Ell. 
e  Panicum  spretum  Schultes(?);    (P. 

nitidum  Lam.(?)  ). 
i  Panicum  virgatum  L. 

Paspalum  ciliatifolium  Michx. 
i  Paspalum  distichum  L. 
t  Paspalum  floridanum  Michx. 
Paspalum  laeve  Michx.  var.  australe 

Nash. 
Phleum  pratense  L. 
Polypogon  monspeliensis  (L.)   Desf. 
i  Sacciolepis  striata  (L.)   Nash;    (Pa- 
nicum gibbum  Ell.). 
h  Setaria  imberbis  R.  &  S.  var.  peren- 
nis    (Hall)    Hitch.;    (Chaetochloa 
versicolor  Bickn.). 
g  Spartina  glabra  Muhl.;    (S.   stricta 
(Ait.)  Roth.), 
a.b  Spartina    patens    (Ait.)    Muhl.    var 
juncea  (Michx.)  Hitch. 


'No  collections  were  made  later  than  August,  and  it  is  therefore  probable  that  some  of  the  late- 
blooming  species  are  not  included.    This  applies  especially  to  the  Compositae. 


28 


THE    VEGETATION    OF    SHACKLEFORD    BANK 


Sporobolus  indicus  (L.)  R.  Br. 
e  Stipa  avenacea  L. 
eTriplasis   purpurea  (Walt.)  Chapm.; 
(Sieglingia      purpurea       (Walt.) 
Ktze.). 
eUniola  laxa  (L.)  B.  S.  P. 
h  Uniola  paniculata  L. 
Muhlenbergia  capillaris  Curtis. 

Cyperace.^ 

i  Cladium     jamaicense     Crantz;      (C. 

effusum  (Sw.)  Torr.). 
i  Cyperus  cylindricus   (Ell.)   Britton. 
i  Cyperus  ferax  Rich.;    (C.  speciosus 

Vohl.). 
i  Cyperus  flavescens  L. 
i  Cyperus  haspan  L. 
i  Cyperus  microdontus  Torr. 
h  Cyperus  Nuttallii  Eddy, 
i*  Cyperus  retrofractus  (L.)  Torr. 
i  Cyperus  strigosus  L. 
i  Dichromena  colorata  (L.)  Hitch. 
i*  Dichromena  latifolia  Baldw. 
i  Dulichium  arundinaceum  (L.)  Britt- 

ton. 
h  Eleocharis  albida  Torr. 
i  Eleocharis  microcarpa  Torr. 
7i  Eleocharis  ochreata  (Nees)   Steud. 
7i  Eleocharis  Robinsii  Oakes.   (?) 

Fimbristylis  autumnalis  (L.)  R.  &  S. 
?i  Fimbristylis       castanea       (Michx.) 

Vahl. 
7i  Fimbristylis  spadicea  (L.)  Vahl. 
i  Fuirena  hispida  Ell. 
i  Rynchospora  glomerata  (L.)  Vahl. 
if  Rynchospora  stipitata  Chapm. 
li  Scirpus  americanus  Pers. 
7i  Scirpus  validus  Vahl.;    (S.  lacustris 

Am.  auth.). 
/  Scleria  triglomerata  Michx. 
/  Stenophyllus      stenophyllus      (Ell.) 

Britton. 

Palm.e 

/t  Sabal  glabra  Mill.)    Sarg.;    (S.  Ad- 
ansonii  Guerns.). 


Arace.e 
i  Acorus  Calamus  L. 

Xyridace.e 

d*  Xyris    arenicola    Small 
J.  E.  Smith). 


(X.    torta 


Commelixace.e 

Commelina  sp. 
(I  Commelina  angustifolia  Michx. 

Juxcace^ 

Juncus  marginatus  Rostk. 
h  Juncus  megacephalus  Curtis. 
fi  Juncus  Roemerianus  Scheele. 
/  Juncus  setaceus  Rostk. 
/  Juncus  tenuis  Willd. 

Lilliace.e 

*  Allium  vineale  L. 
e  Smilax  Bona-nox  L. 
e  Smilax  glauca  Walt. 
e  Smilax  laurifolia  L. 
d  Yucca  aloifolia  L. 

Orchidace^ 

Spiranthes  ovalis  Lindl.(?);  (Gyro- 
stachys  parviflora  (Chapm.) 
SmalK?)  ). 

Piperace.e 
ij*  Saururus  cernuus  L. 


Salix  sp. 


Salicace.^i: 


Myricace.e 


d  Myrica  carolinensis  Mill, 
e  Myrica  cerifera  L. 

Juglandace^e 

/*  Carya  glabra  (Mill.)  Spach.;    (Hico- 
ria  glabra  (Mill.)   Britton). 

Betulace.e 
/  Carpinus  caroliniana  Walt. 


N.  C.  Geological  and  Economic  Survey 


Ilex  vomitoria  as  a  wind-break  in  exposed   localities 


THE    VEGETATION    OF    SHACKLEFORD    BANK 


29 


Fagace.k 

/*  Quercus  falcata  Michx.;   (Q.  digitata 
Sudw.). 
/Quercus     nigra     L.;      (Q.     aquatica 

Walt.). 
/  Quercus    phellos    L.    var.    laurifolia 
(Michx.)  Chapm. 
/*  Quercus  stellata  Wang.;    (Q.  minor 

(Marsh)    Sarg.). 
e.f  Quercus  virginiana  Mill. 

Urticace.k 

i  Boehmeria  cylindrica  (L.)  Sw. 

Celtis  occidentalis  L. 
/  Morus  rubi-a  L. 
i  Parietaria  floridana  Nutt. 
i  Pilea   pumila    (L.)    Gray;     (Adicea 
pumila  (L.)   Rat'.). 

LORAi\THACE/E 

/  Phoradendron    flavescens     (Pursh.) 
Nutt. 

POLYGONACE.E 

i  Polygonum  acre  H.  B.  K.  var.  lepto- 
stachyum  Meisn.;    (P.  punctatum 
Ell.  var.  leptostachyum   (Meisn.) 
Small). 
Polygonum  lapathifolium  L. 

a  Polygonum  maritimum  L. 

i  Polygonum  setaceum  Baldw. 

*  Rumex  hastatulus 

Chexopodiace.e 

a  Atrlplex  arenaria  Nutt. 

Atriplex  patula  L.  (?) 
a  Chenopodium  anthelminticum  L. 
a  Chenopodium  Botrys  L. 
a  Chenopodium  glaucum  L. 
a  Chenopodium  viride  L. 
g  Salicornia  ambigua  Michx. 
g  Salicornia  mucronata  Bigel.;   (S.  Bi- 

gelowii  Torr.). 
a.b  Salsola  Kali  L. 
^  Suaeda  linearis   (Ell.)   Moq. ;    (Don- 

dia  linearis  (Ell.)  Millsp.). 


AMARAiNTHACE.E 

e  Acnida  cannabina  L. 

b  Amaranthus  pumilus  Raf. 

Pjiytolaccace.e 
Phytolacca  decandra  L. 


a  Sesuvium    maritimum     (Walt.)     B. 
S.  P. 

Cahyopiiyllace.e 

/Arenaria   lanuginosa    (Michx.) 
Rohrb. 
ef  Anychiastrum  Baldwinii    (T.  &  G.) 
Small. 

Poutulaccace.e 
a  Portulaca  oleracea  L. 

Magnoliace.e 
/  Magnolia  virginiana  L. 

Laurace.e 

e,/ Persea  borbonia  (L.)  Spreng. 
e./ Persea  pubescens    (Pursh)    Sarg. 
/Sassafras  variifolium    (Salisb.) 

Ktze.;     (S.    officinale    Nees.    and 

Eberm.). 

Crucifer.e 
/  Lepidium  virginicum  L. 

Rosace.e 

Laurocerasus     caroliniana      (Mill.) 
Roem. 

Rosa  Carolina  L. 
d  Rubus  trivialis  Michx. 
t  Rubus  persistens  Rydb.   (?) 

Legumixos.e 

/Apios  tuberosa  Moench. 
d  Cassia  chamaecrista  L. 
e  Desmodium  paniculatum   (L.)    DC; 

(Meibomia  panic  ulata    (L.) 

Ktze.). 


30 


THE    VEGETATION    OF    SHACKLEFORD    BANK 


eGalactia  volubilis   (L.)   Britton. 
e  Strophostyles     umbellata      (Muhl.) 
Britton. 
Trifolium  repens  L. 

LlNACE.E 

/Linum  medium   (Planch.)   Britton. 

RUTACE.E 

e  Zanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis  L. 

SiMARUBACE.E 

/Ailanthus   glandulosa   Desf. 
Meliace.e 
Melia  Azedarach  L. 

POLYGALACE.E 

i  Polygala  verticillata  L. 

EUPHORBIACE.E 

e  Acalypha  gracilens  Gray. 
d  Croton   glandulosus   L.   var.   septen- 
trionalis  Muell.  Arg. 
a,b  Croion  punctatus  Jacq. 
/  Euphorbia  sp. 
a  Euphorbia  maculata  L. 
b  Euphorbia  polygonifolia  L. 
/Jatropha  stimulosa  Michx. 
Ricinus  communis  L. 

Anacardiace.e 

Rhus  copallina  L. 
ej  Rhus  toxicodendron  L.  var.  radicans 
Torr. 

Aquifoliace.e 

ellex  glabra  (L.)   Gray. 
/  Ilex  opaca  Ait. 
d,e,t  Ilex  vomitoria  Ait. 

Rhamnace.^ 
e,/Berchemia  scandens  (Hill)   Trel. 

VlTACE.E 

e  Cissus  arborea  (L.)  Des.  Moul.; 
(Ampelopsis  arborea  (L.) 
Rusby). 


e  Psedera  quinquefolia    (L.)    Greene; 

(Parthenocissus  quinquefolia  (L.) 

Planch.). 
eVitis  aestivalis  Michx. 
e  Vitis  labrusca  L. 
e  Vitis  rotundifolia  Michx. 

Tiliace^ 

/Tilia  Michauxii  Nutt.;   Tilia  pubes- 
cens  Ait.). 

Malvace^ 
i  Kosteletzkya  virginica  (L.)  Presl. 

Tamaricace.e 
Tamarix  gallica  L. 

Hypericace.f; 

e  Ascyrum  hypericoides  L. 
e  Hypericum  mutilum  L. 
i  Hypericum   virginicum  L.;    (Triad- 
enum  virginicum   (L.)   Raf.). 

CiSTACE.E 

e.f  Lechea  villosa  Ell. 

Passiflorace.e 

e  Passiflora  incarnata  L. 
e  Passiflora  lutea  L. 

Cactace.e 

d  Opuntia  vulgaris  Mill.;   (Opuntia  op- 
untia  (L.)  Coult). 

Lythrace.^ 

i  Amannia  Koehnei  Britton. 
i*  Decodon  verticillatus  (L.)  Ell. 
i  Lythrum  lineare  L. 

Onagrace^ 

d  Gaura  angustifolia  Michx. 
d  Kneifha  arenicola  Small. 
i  Ludvigia  alata  Ell. 
i  Ludvigia  microcarpa  Michx. 
iLudivigia  palustris    (L.)    Ell.;    (Is- 
nardia  palustris  L.). 


THE    VEGETATION    OF    SHACKLEFORD    BANK 


31 


i  Ludvigia  virgata  Michx. 
c  Oenothera  humifusa  Nutt. 

Haloragidace^ 

i*  Myriophyllum  verticillatum  L. 
i  Proserpinaca  pectinata  Lam. 

Arai,iace.e 
/  Aralia  spinosa  L. 

Umbellifer.^2 

?!.  Centella  asiatica    (L.)    Urban.;    (C. 

repanda  (Pers.)   Small). 
/  Clcuta  Curtlssii  Coult.  &  Rose. 
h  Hydrocotyle  umbellata  L. 
i  Hydrocotyle  verticillata  Thunb. 
7i  Lilaeopsis  lineata   (Michx.)   Greene, 
/i  Ptilimnium     capillaceum     (Michx.) 

Raf. 
e  Sanicula  canadensis  L. 


Gentianace.e 
?i  Sabatia  stellaris  Pursh. 

Apocynace.e 
e  Apocynum  cannabinum  L. 

Asclepiadace.e 

i  Asclepias  lanceolata  Walt. 

7i  Seutera  palustris  (Pursh.)  Vail.; 
(Vincetoxicum  palustre  (Pursh.) 
Gray). 

e  Vincetoxicum  suberosum  (L.)  Brit- 
ton. 

Convolvulace.e 

i  Cuscuta  arvensis  Beyrich. 
i  Ipomoea  sagittata  Cav. 

BOEAGINACE^ 

a  Heliotropium  curassavicum  Cav. 


CORNACE^ 

/  Cornus  florida  L. 

Ericaceae 

/*  Lyonia     nitida     (Bartr.)     Fernald; 
(Pieris  nitida  (Bartr.)   B.  &  H.). 
/*  Vaccinium  arboreum  Marsh. 

Plumb  agixace.e 

7i  Limonium      carolinianum      (Walt.) 
Britton. 

Primulace.e 
h  Samolus  floribundus  HBK. 

Ebexace.e 
/  Diospyros  virginiana  L. 

Oleace^ 
/Osmanthus  americana  (L.)  B.  &  H. 

LOGANIACEyE 

i  Cynoctonum  mitreola   (L.)  Britton. 
eGelsemium  sempervirens  (L.)  Ait.  f. 


Verbenace-e 

e  Callicarpa  americana  L. 
iLippia  nodiflora  (L.)  Michx. 
if  Verbena  polystachya  HBK. 

Labiat.e 

Marrubium  vulgare  L. 
e.f  Monarda  punctata  L. 
*  Teucrium  canadense  L.  var.  littorale 

(Bicknell)  Fernald. 
i  Trichostema  dichotomum  L. 

SOLLANACE.E 

Datura  Stramonium  L. 
a  Physalis  pubescens  L. 
a  Physalis  viscosa  L. 
a  Solanum  carolinense  L. 
a  Solanum  gracile  Link. 

SCROPPIULARIACE^ 

7i  Bacopa     Monniera     (L.)      Wettst.; 
(Monniera    Monniera    (L.)    Brit- 
ton). 
h  Gerardia  maritima  Raf. 
Verbascum  Thapsus  L. 


32 


THE    VEGETATION    OF    SHACKLEFORD    BANK 


Lentibulariace^ 
i*  Utricularia  purpurea  Walt. 

Plaxtagixace^ 
*  Plantago  lanceolata  L. 

RUBIACE.E 

i  Diodia  virginiana  L. 

i  Diodia  teres  Walt. 

e  Galium  hispidulum  Michx. 

e  Galium  pilosum  Ait.  var.  puncticu- 

losum  (Michx.)   (T.  &G.). 
e  Mitchella  repens  L. 

Caprifoliace.e 
e  Lonicera  sempervirens  L. 

CUCUKBITACE.E 

« Lagenaria    vulgaris    Ser.;     (Lagen- 
aria  Lagenaria  (L.)  Cock.). 
d,e  Melothria  pendula  L. 

Ambeosiace.e 

/  Ambrosia  artemisaefolia  L. 

a  Iva  oraria  Bartl.;   (I.  frutescens  L.). 

a  Iva  imbricata  Walt. 

a  Xanthium  sp. 


CiCHORIACE.E 

e  Hieracium  Gronovii  L. 
/  Lactuca  canadensis  L. 

*  Sonchus  asper  (L.)  Hill. 

Carduace.e 

a  Baccharis  halimifolia  L. 

Bidens  bipinnata  L. 
(/ Borrichia  frutescens  (L.)  DC. 

*  Carduus  sp. 

eCirsium    spinosissimum    (Walt.) 
Scop.;      (Carduus     spinosissimus 
Walt.), 
i  Eclipta  alba  (L.)  Hassk. 
e./ Elephantopus  nudatus  Gray. 
e  Erechthites  hieracifolia  (L.)  Raf. 
e  Erigeron   canadensis   L. ;    (Leptiloa 
canadensis  (L.)  Britton). 
Eupatorium     capillifolium     (Lam.) 

Small. 
Heterotheca      subaxillaris      (Lam.) 
Britton  and  Rusby. 
e.fMikania      scandens      (L.)      Willd.; 
(Willughbaea    scandens    (L.) 
Ktze.). 
i  Pluchea  camphorata  (L.)  DC. 
iPluchea  foetida  (L.)  B.  S.  P. 

Senecio  vulgaris  L. 
/  Solidago  odora  Ait. 
c  Solidago  sempervirens  L. 


*Not  collected  on  Shacklcford,  but  on  some  of  the  neighboring  islands 

tRange  here  extended. 

JListed  by  Johnson  (2),  not  observed  by  the  writer. 

a  Characteristic  ot  the  inner  beach  formation. 

60uter  beach  formation. 

cDune  formation. 

ffThicket  formation. 

eThicket  woodland  formation. 

^Woodland  formation. 

ffSalt  marsh  formation. 

/(Creek  Marsh  formation. 

iDune  marsh  formation. 

j'Tidal  flat  formation. 


sJohnson,  D.  S.,  Notes  on  the  Flora  of  the  Banks  and  Sounds  at  Beaufort,  N.  C:    Bot.  Gazette, 
30,  405-409,  1900. 


PUBLICATIONS 

OF   THE 

NORTH  CAROLINA  GEOLOGICAL  AND  ECONOMIC  SURVEY 


BULLETINS 

1.  Iron  Ores  of  North  Carolina,  by  Henry  B.  C.  Nitze,  1893.  8°,  239  pp.,  20 
pi.,  and  map.    Out  of  print. 

2.  Building  and  Ornamental  Stones  in  North  Carolina,  by  T.  L.  Watson  and 
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4.  Road  Material  and  Road  Construction  in  North  Carolina,  by  J.  A.  Holmes 
and  William  Cain,  1893.    8°,  88  pp.    Out  of  print. 

5.  The  Forests,  Forest  Lands,  and  Forest  Products  of  Eastern  North  Caro- 
lina, by  W.  W.  Ashe,  1894.    8°,  128  pp.,  5  pi.    Out  of  print. 

6.  The  Timber  Trees  of  North  Carolina,  by  Gifford  Pinchot  and  W.  W.  Ashe, 
1897.    8°,  227  pp.,  22  pi.     Out  of  print. 

7.  Forest  Fires:  Their  Destructive  Work,  Causes  and  Prevention,  by  W.  W. 
Ashe,  1895.     8°,  66  pp.,  1  pi.    Postage  5  cents. 

8.  Water-powers  in  North  Carolina,  by  George  F.  Swain,  Joseph  A.  Holmes, 
and  E.  W.  Myers,  1899.    8°,  362  pp.,  16  pi.     Out  of  print. 

9.  Monazite  and  Monazite  Deposits  in  North  Carolina,  by  Henry  B.  C.  Nitze, 
1895.    8°,  47  pp.,  5  pi.    Out  of  print. 

10.  Gold  Mining  in  North  Carolina  and  other  Appalachian  States,  by  Henry 
B.  C.  Nitze  and  A.  J.  Wilkins,  1897.    8°,  164  pp.,  10  pi.    Otct  of  print. 

11.  Corundum  and  the  Basic  Magnesian  Rocks  of  Western  North  Carolina, 
by  J.  Volney  Lewis,  1895.    8°,  107  pp.,  6  pi.    Out  of  print. 

12.  History  of  the  Gems  Found  in  North  Carolina,  by  George  Frederick 
Kunz,  1907.    8°,  60  pp.,  15  pi.    Out  of  print. 

13.  Clay  Deposits  and  Clay  Industries  in  North  Carolina,  by  Heinrich  Ries, 
1897.     8°,  157  pp.,  12  pi.  Out  of  print. 

14.  The  Cultivation  of  the  Diamond-back  Terrapin,  by  R.  E.  Coker,  1906. 
8°,  67  pp.,  23  pi.,  2  figs.     Out  of  print. 

15.  Experiments  in  Oyster  Culture  in  Pamlico  Sound,  North  Carolina,  by 
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16.  Shade  Trees  for  North  Carolina,  by  W.  W.  Ashe,  1908.  8°,  74  pp.,  10  pi., 
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Postage  ^  cents. 

18.  Bibliography  of  North  Carolina  Geology,  Mineralogy,  and  Geography, 
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8°,  428  pp.    Postage  25  cents.     Cloth-bound  copy,  50  cents  extra. 

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34  PUBLICATIONS 

20.  Water-powers  of  North  Carolina:  An  Appendix  to  Bulletin  8,  1910.  8°, 
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Takes  up  in  some  detail  Occurrences  of  Gold,  Silver,  Lead  and  Zinc,  Copper,  Iron,  Man- 
ganese, Corundum,  Granite,  Mica,  Talc,  Pjrophyllite,  Graphite,  Kaolin,  Gem  Minerals, 
Monazite,    Tungsten,    Building    Stones,    and    Coal    in    North    Carolina. 

5.  Road  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  by  J.  A.  Holmes.    Out  of  print. 

6.  The  Mining  Industry  in  North  Carolina  During  1901,  by  Joseph  Hyde 
Pratt,  1902.    8°,  102  pp.    Out  of  print. 

Gives  a  List  of  Minerals  found  in  North  Carolina;  describes  the  Treatment  of  Sulphuret 
Gold  Ores,  giving  localities;  takes  up  the  Occurrence  of  Copper  in  the  Virgilina,  Gold  Hill, 
and  Ore  Knob  districts;  gives  Occurrence  and  Uses  of  Corundum;  a  List  of  Garnets, 
describing  Localities;  the  Occurrence,  Associated  Minerals,  Uses  and  Localities  of  Mica;  the 
Occurrence  of  North  Carolina  Feldspar,  with  Analyses;  an  extended  description  of  North 
Carolina  Gems  and  Gem  Minerals;  Occurrences  of  Monazite,  Barytes,  Ocher;  describes  and 
gives  Occurrences  of  Graphite  and  Coal;  describes  and  gives  Occurrences  of  Building  Stones, 
including  Limestone;  describes  and  gives  Uses  for  the  various  forms  of  Clay;  and  under 
the  head  of  "Other  Economic  Minerals,"  describes  and  gives  Occurrences  of  Chromite, 
Asbestos,  and  Zircon. 

7.  Mining  Industry  in  North  Carolina  During  1902,  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt, 
1903.    8°,  27  pp.     Ota  of  print. 

8.  The  Mining  Industry  in  North  Carolina  During  1903,  by  Joseph  Hyde 
Pratt,  1904.    8°,  74  pp.    Postage  4  cents. 

Gives  description  of  Mines  worked  for  Gold  in  1903;  description  of  Properties  worked  for 
Copper  during  1903,  together  with  assay  of  ore  from  Twin-Edwards  Mine;  Analyses  of 
Limonite  ore  from  Wilson  Mine;  the  Occurrence  of  Tin;  in  some  detail  the  Occurrences 
of  Abrasives ;  Occurrences  of  Monazite  and  Zircon ;  Occurrences  and  Varieties  of  Graphite, 
giving  Methods  of  Cleaning;  Occurrences  of  Marble  and  other  forms  of  Limestone;  Analyses 
of  Kaolin  from  Barber  Creek,   Jackson  County,   North   Carolina. 


PUBLICATIONS  35 

9.  The  Mining  Industry  in  North  Carolina  During  1904,  by  Joseph  Hyde 
Pratt,  1905.    8°,  95  pp.    Postage  //  cents. 

Gives  Mines  Pi-oducing:  Gold  and  Silver  during  1903  and  190-1  and  Sources  of  the  Gold 
Produced  during  1904;  describes  the  mineral  Chromite,  giving  Analyses  of  Selected  Samples 
of  Chromite  from  Mines  in  Yancey  County;  describes  Commercial  Varieties  of  Mica,  giving 
the  manner  in  which  it  occurs  in  North  Carolina,  Percentage  of  Mica  in  the  Dikes,  Methods 
of  Mining,  Assocated  Minerals,  Localities,  Uses;  describes  the  mineral  Barytes,  giving 
Method  of  Cleaning  and  Preparing  Barytes  for  Market;  describes  the  use  of  Monazite  as 
used  in  connection  with  the  Preparation  of  the  Bunsen  Burner,  and  goes  into  the  use  of 
Zircon  in  connection  with  the  Nernst  Lamj),  giving  a  List  of  the  Principal  Yttrium  Minerals ; 
describes  the  minerals  containing  Corundum  Gems,  Hiddenite  and  Other  Gem  Minerals,  and 
gives  New  Occurrences  of  these  Gems ;  describes  the  mineral  Graphite  and  gives  new  Uses 
for   same. 

10.  Oyster  Culture  in  North  Carolina,  by  Robert  E.  Coker,  1905.  8°,  39  pp. 
Out  of  print. 

11.  The  Mining  Industry  in  North  Carolina  During  1905,  by  Joseph  Hyde 
Pratt,  1906.    8°,  95  pp.    Postage  4  cents. 

Describes  the  mineral  Cobalt  and  the  principal  minerals  that  contain  Cobalt ;  Corundum 
Localities;  Monazite  and  Zircon  in  considerable  detail,  giving  Analyses  of  Thorianite; 
describes  Tantalum  Minerals  and  gives  description  of  the  Tantalum  Lamp ;  gives  brief 
description  of  Peat  Deposits;  the  manufacture  of  Sand-lime  Brick;  Operations  of  Concen- 
trating Plant  in  Black  Sand  Investigations;  gives  Laws  Relating  to  Mines,  Coal  Mines, 
Mining,   Mineral  Interest  in  Land,   Phosphate  Rock,   Marl  Beds. 

12.  Investigations  Relative  to  the  Shad  Fisheries  of  North  Carolina,  by 
John  N.  Cobb,  1906.    8°,  74  pp.,  8  maps.    Postage  6  cents. 

13.  Report  of  Committee  on  Fisheries  in  North  Carolina.  Compiled  by 
Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  1906.     8°,  78  pp.     Out  of  Print. 

14.  The  Mining  Industry  in  North  Carolina  During  1906,  by  Joseph  Hyde 

Pratt,  1907.     8°,  144  pp.,  20  pi.,  and  5  figs.    Postage  10  cents. 

Under  the  head  of  "Recent  Changes  in  Gold  Mining  in  North  Carolina,"  gives  methods 
of  mining,  describing  Log  Washers,  Square  Sets,  Cyanide  Plants,  etc.,  and  detailed  descrip- 
tions of  Gold  Deposits  and  Mines  are  given;  Copper  Deposits  of  Swain  County  are  described; 
Mica  Deposits  of  Western  North  Carolina  are  described,  giving  Distribution  and  General 
Character,  General  Geology,  Occurrence,  Associated  Minerals,  Mining  and  treatment  of  Mica, 
Origin,  together  with  a  description  of  many  of  the  mines ;  Monazite  is  taken  up  in  consider- 
able detail  as  to  Location  and  Occurrence,  Geology,  including  classes  of  Rocks,  Age,  Associa- 
tions, Weathering,  method  of  Mining  and  Cleaning,  description  of  Monazite  in  Original 
Matrix. 

15.  The  Mining  Industry  in  North  Carolina  During  1907,  by  Joseph  Hyde 
Pratt,  1908.     8°,  176  pp.,  13  pi.,  and  4  figs.    Postage  15  cents. 

Takes  up  in  detail  the  Copper  and  Gold  Hill  Copper  District;  a  description  of  the  Uses 
of  Monazite  and  its  Associated  Minerals;  descriptions  of  Ruby,  Emerald,  Beryl,  Hiddenite, 
and  Amethyst  Localities;  a  detailed  description  with  Analyses  of  the  Principal  Mineral  Springs 
of  North  Carolina;  a  description  of  the  Peat  Formations  in  North  Carolina,  together  with 
a  detailed  account  of  the  Uses  of  Peat  and  the  Results  of  an  Experiment  Conducted  by  the 
United   States   Geological   Survey   on    Peat   from   Elizabeth   City,    North    Carolina. 

16.  Report  of  Convention  called  by  Governor  R.  B.  Glenn  to  Investigate  the 
Fishing  Industries  in  North  Carolina,  compiled  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  State 
Geologist,  1908.     8°,  45  pp.     Out  of  print. 

17.  Proceedings  of  Drainage  Convention  held  at  New  Bern,  North  Carolina, 
September  9,  1908.  Compiled  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  1908.  8°,  94  pp.  Out  of 
print. 

18.  Proceedings  of  Second  Annual  Drainage  Convention  held  at  New  Bern, 
North  Carolina,  November  11  and  12,  1909,  compiled  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt, 
and  containing  North  Carolina  Drainage  Law,  1909.     8°,  50  pp.     Out  of  print. 

19.  Forest  Fires  in  North  Carolina  During  1909,  by  J.  S.  Holmes,  Forester, 
1910.    8°,  52  pp.,  9  pi.     Out  of  print. 


36  PUBLICATIONS 

20.  Wood-using  Industries  of  North  Carolina,  by  Roger  E.  Simmons,  under 
the  direction  of  J.  S.  Holmes  and  H.  S.  Sackett,  1910.  8°,  74  pp.,  6  pi. 
Postage  7  cents. 

21.  Proceedings  of  the  Third  Annual  Drainage  Convention,  held  under 
Auspices  of  the  North  Carolina  Drainage  Association;  and  the  North  Carolina 
Drainage  Law  (codified).  Compiled  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  1911.  8°,  67  pp., 
3  pi.     Out  of  2»int. 

22.  Forest  Fires  in  North  Carolina  During  1910,  by  J.  S.  Holmes,  Forester, 
1911.     8°,  48  pp.     Out  of  print. 

23.  Mining  Industry  in  North  Carolina  During  1908,  '09,  and  '10,  by  Joseph 
Hyde  Pratt  and  Miss  H.  M.  Berry,  1911.  8°,  134  pp.,  1  pi.,  27  figs.  Postage 
10  cents.     Cloth  copies  50  cents  extra. 

Gives  report  on  Virgilina  Copper  District  of  North  Carolina  and  Virginia,  by  P.  B.  Laney; 
Detailed  report  on  Mica  Deposits  of  North  Carolina,  by  Douglas  B.  Sterrett;  Detailed  report 
on  Monazi'.e,  by  Douglas  B.  Sterrett;  Reports  on  various  Gem  Minerals,  by  Douglas  B. 
Sterrett;  Information  and  Analyses  concerning  certain  Mineral  Springs;  Extracts  from 
Chance  Report  of  the  Dan  River  and  Deep  River  Coal  Fields;  Some  notes  on  the  Peat 
Industry,  bv  Professor  Charles  A.  Davis;  Extract  from  report  of  Arthur  Keith  on  the 
Nantahala   Marble;    Description   of   the   manufacture   of    Sand-lime    Brick. 

24.  Fishing  Industry  of  North  Carolina,  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  1911.  8°,  44 
pp.    Out  of  jjrint. 

25.  Proceedings  of  Second  Annual  Convention  of  the  North  Carolina  For- 
estry Association,  held  at  Raleigh,  North  Carolina,  February  21,  1912.  Forest 
Fires  in  North  Carolina  During  1911.  Suggested  Forestry  Legislation.  Com- 
piled by  J.  S.  Holmes,  Forester,  1912.    8°,  71  pp.    Postage  5  cents. 

26.  Proceedings  of  Fourth  Annual  Drainage  Convention,  held  at  Elizabeth 
City,  North  Carolina,  November  15  and  16,  1911,  compiled  by  Joseph  Hyde 
Pratt,  State  Geologist,  1912.     8°,  45  pp.     Out  of  print. 

27.  Highway  Work  in  North  Carolina,  containing  a  Statistical  Report  of 
Road  Work  during  1911  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  State  Geologist,  and  Miss 
H.  M.  Berry,  Secretary,  1912.     8°,  145  pp.,  11  figs.     Out  of  print. 

28.  Culverts  and  Small  Bridges  for  Country  Roads  in  North  Carolina,  by 
C.  R.  Thomas  and  T.  F.  Hickerson,  1912.  8°,  56  pp.,  14  figs.,  20  pi.  Postage 
10  cents. 

29.  Report  of  the  Fisheries  Convention  held  at  New  Bern,  N.  C,  December 
13,  1911,  compiled  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  State  Geologist,  together  with  a 
Compendium  of  the  Stenographic  Notes  of  the  Meetings  Held  on  the  two 
trips  taken  by  the  Legislative  Fish  Committee  Appointed  by  the  General  As- 
sembly of  1909,  and  the  Legislation  Recommended  by  this  Committee,  1912. 
8°,  302  pp.    Postage  15  cents. 

30.  Proceedings  of  the  Annual  Convention  of  the  North  Carolina  Good 
Roads  Association  held  at  Charlotte,  N.  C,  August  1  and  2,  1912,  in  Coopera- 
tion with  the  North  Carolina  Geological  and  Economic  Survey.  Compiled 
by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  State  Geologist,  and  Miss  H.  M.  Berry,  Secretary, 
1912.    8°,  109  pp.    Postage  10  cents. 

31.  Proceedings  of  Fifth  Annual  Drainage  Convention  held  at  Raleigh, 
N.  C,  November  26  and  27,  1912.  Compiled  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  State 
Geologist.    8°,  56  pp.,  6  pi.    Postage  5  cents. 

32.  Public  Roads  are  Public  Necessities,  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  State 
Geologist,  1913.    8°,  62  pp.    Postage  5  cents. 


PUBLICATIONS 


37 


33.  Forest  Fires  in  North  Carolina  during  1912  and  National  and  Associa- 
tion Cooperative  Fire  Control,  by  J.  S.  Holmes,  Forester,  1913.  8°,  63  pp. 
Postage  5  cents. 

34.  Mining  Industry  in  North  Carolina  during  1911-12,  by  Joseph  Hyde 
Pratt,  State  Geologist,  1914.    8°,  314  pp.,  23  pi.,  12  figs.    Postage  15  cents. 

Gives  detailed  report  on  Gold  Mining  in  various  counties  with  special  report  on  Metal- 
lurgical Processes  used  at  the  Tola  Mine,  by  Claud  Hafer;  description  of  a  Cyanide  Mill, 
by  Percy  Barbour;  the  new  milling  process  for  treating  North  Carolina  Siliceous  Gold  Ores 
at  the  Montgomery  Mine,  including  a  descrpition  of  the  Uwarrie  Mining  Company's  Plant; 
notes  on  the  Carter  Mine,  Montgomery  County,  by  Claud  Hafer;  also  a  description  of  the 
Howie  Mine  and  its  mill;  a  detailed  report  of  the  Coggins  (Appalachian)  Gold  Mine,  by 
Joseph  Hyde  Pratt;  a  list  of  gems  and  gem  minerals  occurring  in  the  United  States;  special 
descriptions  of  Localities  where  the  Amethyst,  Beryl,  Emerald,  and  Quartz  Gems  Occur  as 
taken  from  United  States  Geological  Survey  Report  by  Douglas  B.  Sterrett;  a  rejiort  on  the 
Dan  River  Coal  Field,  by  R.  W.  Stone,  as  reprinted  from  Bulletin  471-B  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey ;  a  special  report  on  Graphite,  by  Edson  S.  Bastin  and  reprinted  from 
Mineral  Resources  of  United  States  for  1912;  a  special  report  on  Asbestos  describing  both 
the  Amphibole  and  Chrysotile  varieties;  a  report  on  the  Mount  Airy  Granite  Quarry;  special 
report  on  Sand  and  Gravel,  giving  Uses,  Definitions  of  Various  Sands,  etc. ;  the  portion  of 
a  Bulletin  on  Feldspar  and  Kaolin  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Mines,  which  relates  to 
North  Carolina,  and  which  takes  up  in  detail  Occurrences,  Methods  of  Mining,  and  Descrip- 
tions of  Localities  of  Feldspar  and  Kaolin  mines  in  North  Carolina,  prepared  by  Mr.  A.  S. 
Watts.  In  this  Economic  Paper  are  also  given  the  names  and  addresses  of  producers  of 
the  various  minerals  during  the  years  covered  by  the  report. 

35.  Good  Roads  Days,  November  5th  and  6th,  1913,  compiled  by  Joseph 
Hyde  Pratt,  State  Geologist,  and  Miss  H.  M.  Berry,  Secretary.  8°,  102  pp., 
11  pi.    Postage  10  cents. 

36.  Proceedings  of  the  North  Carolina  Good  Roads  Association,  held  at 
Morehead  City,  N.  C,  July  31st  and  August  1,  1913.  In  Cooperation  with  the 
North  Carolina  Geological  and  Economic  Survey. — Statistical  Report  of  High- 
way Work  in  North  Carolina  during  1912.  Compiled  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt, 
State  Geologist,  and  Miss  H.  M.  Berry,  Secretary.  8°,  127  pp.,  7  figs.  Out 
of  print. 

37.  Forest  Fires  in  North  Carolina  during  1913  and  a  Summary  of  State 
Forest  Fire  Prevention  in  the  United  States,  by  J.  S.  Holmes,  Forester,  1914. 
8°,  82  pp.    Postage  8  cents. 

38.  Forms  covering  the  Organization  of  Drainage  Districts  under  the  North 
Carolina  Drainage  Law,  Chapter  442,  Public  Laws  of  1909,  and  Amendments. 
And  Forms  for  Minutes  of  Boards  of  Drainage  Commissioners  covering  the 
Organization  of  the  Board  up  to  and  Including  the  Issuing  of  the  Drainage 
Bonds.  Compiled  by  Geo.  R.  Boyd,  Drainage  Engineer.  133  pp.  Postage  15 
cents. 

39.  Proceedings  of  the  Good  Roads  Institute  held  at  the  University  of  North 
Carolina,  March  17-19,  1914.  Held  under  the  auspices  of  the  Departments  of 
Civil  and  Highway  Engineering  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina  and 
The  North  Carolina  Geological  and  Economic  Survey.  8°,  117  pp.,  15  figs., 
4  pi.    Postage  10  cents. 

40.  Forest  Fires  in  North  Carolina  during  1914  and  Forestry  Laws  of  North 
Carolina,  by  J.  S.  Holmes,  State  Forester,  1915.     8°,  55  pp.    Postage  5  cents. 

41.  Proceedings  of  Seventh  Annual  Drainage  Convention  of  the  North  Caro- 
lina Drainage  Association  held  at  Wilson,  North  Carolina,  November  18  and 
19,  1914.  Compiled  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  State  Geologist,  and  Miss  H.  M. 
Berry,  Secretary,  1915.    8°,  76  pp.,  3  figs.    Postage  5  cents. 

42.  Organization  of  Cooperative  Forest-Fire  Protective  Areas  in  North  Caro- 
lina, being  the  Proceedings  of  the  Special  Conference  on  Forest  Fire  Protec- 
tion held  as  part  of  the  Conference  on  Forestry  and  Nature  Study,  Montreat, 


38  PUBLICATIONS 

N.  C,  July  8,  1915.    Prepared  by  J.  S.  Holmes,  State  Forester,  1915.    8°,  39  pp. 
Postage  4  cents. 

43.  Proceedings  of  the  Second  Road  Institute,  held  at  the  University  of 
North  Carolina,  February  23-27,  1915.  Compiled  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt  and 
Miss  H.  M.  Berry,  Secretary,  1916.    8°,  128  pp.    Postage  15  cents. 

44.  Highway  Work  in  North  Carolina  During  the  Calendar  Year  Ending 
December  31,  1914.  Compiled  by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  State  Geologist,  and 
Miss  H.  M.  Berry,  Secretary,  1916.     8°,  64  pp.     Postage  10  cents. 

45.  Proceedings  of  the  Eighth  Annual  Drainage  Convention.  Held  under 
the  Auspices  of  the  North  Carolina  Drainage  Association  and  the  North  Caro- 
lina Geological  and  Economic  Survey,  Belhaven,  N.  C,  November  29,  30,  and 
December  1,  1915.     8°,  90  pp.     Postage  10  cents. 

46.  The  Vegetation  of  Shackleford  Bank,  by  I.  W.  Lewis.  1917.  8°,  40  pp., 
11  plates.     Postage  in  cents. 

47.  Proceedings  of  the  Ninth  Annual  Drainage  Convention.  Held  unjJer  the 
auspices  of  the  North  Carolina  Drainage  Association  and  the  North  Carolina 
Geological  and  Economic  Survey,  Greensboro,  N.  C,  November  22  and  23,  1916. 
. . .  pp figs.    Postage  . . .  cents. 


Vol.  I.  Corundum  and  the  Basic  Magnesian  Rocks  in  "Western  North  Caro- 
lina, by  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt  and  J.  Volney  Lewis,  1905.  8°,  464  pp.,  44  pi., 
35  figs.    Postage  32  cents.     Cloth-bound  copy  $1  extra. 

Vol.  II.  Fishes  of  North  Carolina,  by  H.  M.  Smith,  1907.  8°,  453  pp.,  21 
—pi.,  188  figs.     Postage  35  cents.    Price  $1.50. 

Vol.  III.  The  Coastal  Plain  Deposits  of  North  Carolina,  by  William  Bullock 
Clark,  Benjamin  L.  Miller,  L.  W.  Stephenson,  B.  L.  Johnson,  and  Horatio  N. 
Parker,  1912.    8°,  509  pp.,  62  pi.,  21  figs.    Postage  35  cents. 

Pt.  I.— The  Physiography  and  Geologj'  of  the  Coastal  Plain  of  North  Carolina,  by 
Wm.    Bullock    Clark,    Benjamin    L.    Miller,    and    L.    W.    Stephenson. 

Pt.  II. — The  water  resources  of  the  Coastal  Plain  of  North  Carolina,  by  L.  W. 
Stephenson    and   B.    L.   Johnson. 

Vol.  IV.     The  Birds  of  North  Carolina — In  jiress. 

BIENNIAL  KEPOKTS 

First  Biennial  Report,  1891-1892,  J.  A.  Holmes,  State  Geologist,  1893.  8°, 
111  pp.,  12  pi.,  2  figs.    Postage  6  cents. 

Administrative  report,  giving  Object  and  Organization  of  the  Survey;  Investigations  of 
Iron  Ores,  Building  Stone,  Geological  Work  in  Coastal  Plain  Region,  including  supplies  and 
drinking  waters  in  eastern  counties.  Report  on  Forests  and  Forest  Products,  Coal  and 
Marble,    Investigations   of   Diamond    Drill. 

Biennial  R-eport,  1893-1894,  J.  A.  Holmes,  State  Geologist,  1894.     8°,  15  pp. 

Postage  1  cent. 

Administrative  report. 

Biennial  Report,  1895-1896,  J.  A.  Holmes.  State  Geologist,  1896.  8°,  17  pp. 
Postage  1  cent. 

Administrative   report. 

Biennial  Report,  1897-1898,  J.  A.  Holmes,  State  Geologist,  1898.  8°,  28  pp. 
Postage  2  cents. 

Administrative   report. 


PUBLICATIONS  39 

Biennial  Report,  1899-1900,  J.  A.  Holmes,  State  Geologist,  1900.  8°,  20  pp. 
Postage  2  cents. 

Administrative  report. 

Biennial  Report,  1901-1902,  J.  A.  Holmes,  State  Geologist,  1902.  8°,  15  pp. 
Postage  1  cent. 

Administrative   report. 

Biennial  Report,  1903-1904,  J.  A.  Holmes,  State  Geologist,  1905.  8°,  32  pp. 
Postage  2  cents. 

Administrative   report. 

Biennial  Report,  1905-1906,  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  State  Geologist,  1907.  8°,  60 
pp.    Postage  3  cents. 

Administrative  report;  report  on  certain  swamp  lands  belonging  to  the  State,  by  W.  W. 
Ashe;    it   also   gives  certain   magnetic  observations   at   North    Carolina   stations. 

Biennial  Report,  1907-1908,  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  State  Geologist,  1908.  8°,  60 
pp.,  2  pi.    Postage  5  cents. 

Administrative  report.  Contains  Special  Report  on  an  examination  of  the  Sand  Banks 
along  the  North  Carolina  Coast,  by  Jay  F.  Bond,  Forest  Assistant,  United  States  Forest 
Service;  certain  magnetic  observations  at  North  Carolina  stations;  Results  of  an  Investiga- 
tion Relating  to  Clam  Cultivation,  by  Howard  E.  Enders,   of  Purdue  University. 

Biennial  Report,  1909-1910,  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  State  Geologist,  1911.  8°, 
152  pp.    Postage  10  cents. 

Administrative  report,  and  contains  Agreements  for  Cooperation  in  Statistical  Work,  and 
Topographical  and  Traverse  Mapping  Work  with  the  United  States  Geological  Survey;  Forest 
Work,  with  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  (Forest  Service)  ;  List  of  Topo- 
graphic maps  of  North  Carolina  and  counties  partly  or  wholly  topographically  mapped;  de- 
scription of  Special  Highways  in  North  Carolina;  suggested  Road  Legislation;  list  of  Drain- 
age Districts  and  Results  of  Third  Annual  Drainage  Convention;  Forestry  reports  relating 
to  Connolly  Tract,  Buncombe  County  and  Transylvania  County  State  Farms;  certain  Water- 
sheds; Reforestation  of  Cut-over  and  Abandoned  Farm  Lands  on  the  Woodlands  of  the 
Salem  Academy  and  College;  Recommendations  for  the  Artificial  Regeneration  of  Longleaf 
Pine  at  Pinehurst;  Act  regulating  the  use  of  and  for  the  Protection  of  Meridian  Monuments 
and  Standards  of  Measure  at  the  several  county  seats  of  North  Carolina;  list  of  Magnetic 
Declinations  at  the  county  seats,  January  1,  1910;  letter  of  Fish  Commissioner  of  the  United 
States  Bureau  of  Fisheries  relating  to  the  conditions  of  the  North  Carolina  fish  industries; 
report  of  the  Survey  for  the  North  Carolina  Fish  Commission  referring  to  dutch  or  pound-net 
fishing  in  Albemarle  and  Croatan  sounds  and  Chowan  River,  by  Gilbert  T.  Rude,  of  the 
United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey;  Historical  Sketch  of  the  several  North  Carolina 
Geological   Surveys,    with   list   of   publications    of   each. 

Biennial  Report,  1911-1912,  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  State  Geologist,  1913.  8°, 
118  pp.    Postage  7  cents. 

Administrative  report,  and  contains  reports  on  method  of  construction  and  estimate  of  cost 
of  road  iniprovement  in  Stantonsburg  Township,  Wilson  County;  report  on  road  conditions 
m  Lee  County;  report  on  preliminary  location  of  section  of  Spartanburg-Hendersonville 
Highway  between  Tryon  and  Tuxedo ;  report  of  road  work  done  by  United  States  Office  of 
Public  Roads  during  biennial  period;  experiments  with  glutrin  on  the  sand-clay  road; 
report  on  Central  Highway,  giving  Act  establishing  and  report  of  trip  over  the  Highwav; 
suggested  road  legislation;  report  on  the  Asheville  City  watershed;  report  on  the  Struan 
property  at  Arden,  Buncombe  County;  report  on  the  woodlands  on  the  farm  of  Dr.  J.  W. 
Kilgore,  Iredell  County;  report  on  examination  of  the  woodlands  on  the  Berry  place,  Orange 
County;  report  on  the  forest  property  of  Miss  Julia  A.  Thorns,  Ashboro,  Randolph  County; 
report  on  the  examination  of  the  forest  lands  of  the  Butters  Lumber  Comjjany,  Columbus 
County;  proposed  forestry  legislation;  swamp  lands  and  drainage,  giving  drainage  districts; 
suggested   drainage   legislation;    proposed    Fisheries    Commission    Bill. 

Biennial  Report,  1913-1914,  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  State  Geologist,  1915.  8°, 
165  pp.    Postage  10  cents. 

Administrative  report,  and  contains  reports  on  the  work  of  the  State  convicts  on  Hickory 
Nut  Gap  Road,  Henderson  County,  and  on  the  link  of  the  Central  Highway  in  Madison 
County  which  IS  being  constructed  with  State  convicts;  report  on  road  work  accomplished 
by  the  State  Survey  and  by  the  United  States  Office  of  Public  Roads  during  biennial  period- 
suggested  road  legislation;  a  forestry  policy  for  North  Carolina;  report  on  investigation, 
limber  supply   of   North   Carolina;    reports   on   the   examination    of   certain    forest   lands    in 


40  PUBLICATIONS 

Halifax  County;  report  on  the  ash  in  North  Carolina;  report  on  the  spruce  forests  of  Mount 
Mitchell;  report  on  the  forest  fire  conditions  in  the  northeastern  States,  hy  J.  S.  Holmes. 
Report  on  the  work  of  the  IFnited  States  Forest  Service  in  North  Carolina  in  connection 
with  the  purchase  of  forest  reserves  and  their  protection ;  timber  tests,  including  strength 
of  timber,  preservation  of  timber,  timber  suitable  to  produce  pulp,  distillation  of  certain 
woods  and  drying  certain  woods;  suggested  forestry  legislation;  report  on  the  swamp  lands 
and  their  drainage  in  North  Carolina;  suggested  drainage  legislation;  report  on  magnetic 
observations  made  during  biennial  period;  report  on  the  economic  value  of  the  fisheries  of 
North  Carolina;  report  on  the  survey  made  in  Albemarle,  Croatan,  and  Pamlico  sounds  by 
the   Coast   and   Geodetic    Survey;    suggested   fisheries    legislation. 

Biennial  Report,  1915-1916,  Joseph  Hyde  Pratt,  State  Geologist,  1917.     8°, 
202  pp.     Postage  20  cents. 
Administrative  Report. 


Samples  of  any  mineral  found  in  the  State  may  be  sent  to  the  office  of  the 
Geological  and  Economic  Survey  for  identification,  and  the  same  will  be  classi- 
fied free  of  charge.  It  must  be  understood,  however,  that  no  assays  or 
QUANTiTATn'E  DETERMINATIONS  WILL  BE  MADE.  Samples  should  be  in  a  lump 
form  if  possible,  and  marked  plainly  on  outside  of  package  with  name  of 
sender,  postoffice  address,  etc.;  a  letter  should  accompany  sample  and  stamp 
should  be  enclosed  for  reply. 

These  publications  are  mailed  to  libraries  and  to  individuals  who  may 
desire  information  on  any  of  the  special  subjects  named,  free  of  charge,  except 
that  in  each  case  applicants  for  the  reports  should  forward  the  amount  of 
postage  needed,  as  indicated  above,  for  mailing  the  bulletins  desired,  to  the 
State  Geologist,  Chapel  Hill,  N.  C. 


